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2006-129-Order No. 2006-011 Recorded 2/13/2006COUNTY OFFICIAL REVIE NANCYUBLANKENSHIP, COUNTY CLERKS CJ 1006.119 y/ COMMISSIONERS' JOURNAL 01/13/2006 03:38:37 PM LEGAL COUNSEL 111111111111111111111111111111 2006-129 BEFORE THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS OF DESCHUTES COUNTY, OREGON An Order Approving a Waiver of Land Use Regulations to Authorize Chester and June * ORDER NO. 2006-011 Mitchell to Use the Subject Property as Allowed When They Acquired the Property WHEREAS, On November 2, 2004, the voters of the State of Oregon approved Ballot Measure 37 which added provisions to Oregon Revised Statutes (ORS) Chapter 197 to require, under certain circumstances, payment of just compensation to landowners if a government land use regulation reduces property value. In lieu of just compensation, Ballot Measure 37 authorizes the governing body of a local government to modify, remove or not apply the land use regulation, and WHEREAS, Chester and June Mitchell made a timely demand for compensation under Measure 37 for a reduction in value to their property at 1784 NW Ice Av., Terrebonne, Oregon due to regulations which took effect after they acquired this property, and WHEREAS, Section 8 of Measure 37 authorizes the Board, as the governing body responsible for adoption and enforcement of County regulations, to not apply the identified land use regulation that restricts the owner's use and reduces the value of the property in lieu of payment of compensation; and WHEREAS, the Board has received the report and recommendation of the County Administrator as required by DCC 14.10.090; and WHEREAS, the Board has considered the Administrator's report and the evidence presented by the parties at a Board meeting as required by DCC 14.10.090; and WHEREAS, the Board makes the following findings of facts and conclusions; On September 9, 2005, Chester and June Mitchell filed a Measure 37 claim with the Community Development Department. 2. Claimants' property at 1784 NW Ice Av., Terrebonne, Oregon is within Deschutes County. 3. The County Administrator has recommended that the zoning regulations for the subject property at 1784 NW Ice Av., Terrebonne, Oregon that were not already in effect until after March 30, 1973 not be enforced in lieu of payment of just compensation to Claimant. The Administrator's report is attached and incorporated by reference into this Order as Exhibit "A." 4. The Board concurs with the Administrator's report that Chester and June Mitchell are the present owners of the subject property described in Exhibit "B," having acquired an interest in it and continuously owned it since March 30, 1973. 5. The Board concurs with the Administrator's report that the current regulation, EFU-TE zoning, if applied to the subject property, would not permit a partition on this subject property. The current regulation is a land use regulation which is not exempt from Measure 37 claims. PAGE 1 of 3- ORDER No. 2006-011 (02/08/06) 6. The Board concurs with the Administrator's report that an application for a partition on the subject property would be denied if the current zoning were applied. Therefore, such an application to determine enforcement of the current zoning to the Claimants' property would be futile. 7. The Board concurs with the Administrator's report that there is no evidence which demonstrates that the current procedural regulations for land divisions and development applications and approvals have reduced the value of the subject property. 8. The Board concurs with the Administrator's report that Claimants have demonstrated that domestic water, and septic for the desired use on the subject property are feasible. Despite the lack of a precise amount of reduction in value, the loss of the ability to add an additional buildable lot from the subject property would be a substantial amount of reduction in fair market value if the regulations at the time Claimants acquired the property allowed that development; now, therefore, THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS OF DESCHUTES COUNTY, OREGON, HEREBY ORDERS as follows: Section 1. The Board hereby determines, based on these findings, conclusions, and the Administrator's report in Exhibit "A," that the Mitchell's claim is eligible under DCC 14.10.100. Section 2. The Board hereby elects to not apply zoning and nonexempt land use regulations to the subject properties described in Exhibit "B" in lieu of payment of just compensation under Ballot Measure 37. Claimants are hereby authorized to use the subject property as permitted at the time they acquired the property. Claimants may apply for a use of the subject property consistent with the zoning and regulations in effect at the time they acquired the property. That use shall be permitted if the subject property fully complies with all regulations in effect on March 30, 1973. The Community Development Director is hereby authorized to determine the effects that any other non-exempt regulations in effect on this date would have on Claimants' proposed development differently than current non-exempt regulations. However, the current procedural regulations for land division and development applications and approval, including, but not limited to setbacks, access, height, and landscaping requirements shall be applied. Section 3. To the extent that any law, order, deed, agreement or other legally enforceable public or private requirement provides that the subject property may not be used without a permit, license, or other form of authorization or consent, this order does not authorize the use of the subject property unless the Claimant first obtain that permit, license, or other form of authorization or consent. Section 4. This Order is a waiver of a non-exempt County land use regulation from a property determined to be claim eligible as defined in DCC 14.10.020(0) Section 5. A STATE OF OREGON WAIVER MAY BE REQUIRED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OR USE OF THE SUBJECT PROPERTY. THIS WAIVER APPLIES ONLY TO THE LOCAL REGULATIONS SPECIFIED ABOVE. DESCHUTES COUNTY LACKS THE AUTHORITY TO WAIVE ANY STATE REGULATIONS OR LAWS. STATE LAWS AND REGULATIONS MAY APPLY TO THE USE OF THE PROPERTY DESCRIBED HEREIN, AND A WAIVER OF SUCH LAWS AND REGULATIONS MUST BE SEPARATELY OBTAINED BY THE OWNERS FROM THE STATE OF OREGON. AS A RESULT OF A DECISION BY THE MARION COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT, THE STATE MAY BE UNABLE TO PROCESS CLAIMS MADE UNDER MEASURE 37 CHALLENGING STATE LAND USE REGULATIONS. PAGE 2 of 3- ORDER No. 2006-011 (02/08/06) Section 6. This order does not affect any land use regulations of the State of Oregon. Although the County will accept and process subsequent land use applications associated with the subject property, approval may not be granted without a valid waiver from the State pertaining to any State regulations which would preclude the proposed land use. The outcome of a land use application will also affect the ability of the claimant to obtain any required building permits. Section 7. This Order shall be recorded in the Deschutes County Deed Records together with portions from the deed or other instrument in Exhibits A and B sufficient to identify the subject property for recording purposes. DATED this . day of February, 2006. BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS OF DESCHUTES COUNTY, OREGON /z-, ATTEST: Recording Secretary PAGE 3 of 3- ORDER No. 2006-011(02/08/06) D IS R. LUKE, Cf1AIR \ -0 J U-422--, Deschutes County Department of Administrative Services 1300 NW Wall St., Ste. 200, Bend, OR 97701-1947 (541) 388-6570 Fax (541) 385-3202 - www.deschutes.org TO: Board of County Commissioners From: Michael A. Maier, County Administrator DATE: February 8, 2006 RE: Measure 37 Claim - Chester and June Mitchell (Claimants) 1784 NW Ice Ave., Terrebonne Oregon Introduction The County processed the initial Measure 37 claims using its brief claim form, evaluating the initial submission, asking that the Claimants furnish more evidence to complete or clarify the claim, and preparing this report and recommendation under DCC 14.10, the Measure 37 ordinance. The County's claims process recognizes that less precise evidence of value may be sufficient to evaluate claims, since there are currently no County funds available for payment of compensation. Also, the ordinance provides further opportunities for affected neighbors to present evidence and testimony at the Board meeting when these claims are considered. This report and recommendation is intended to be a summary and evaluation of evidence in the record. The report may be attached to the Board's Order that decides Measure 37 claims, as a factual basis for the Order. Any factual changes or additions to this report from testimony or other evidence can be made part of the Board's Order. Claimants and affected parties have the opportunity to rebut this Report and provide additional relevant evidence to the Board. Also, under the County's process, Claimants must provide evidence that the desired use of the property, which may be allowed by a waiver of County regulations is feasible, i.e., not prevented by physical, utility or other development limitations of the site. Report and Recommendation - DCC 14.10.090 This is my report and recommendation on this Measure 37 claim received on September 9, 2005 when Measure 37 was in lawful effect. Claimants have paid the filing fee and submitted the County's official demand form. The property is estimated to be 10 acres. The current zoning is EFU-TE. The Claimants' Page 1 of 5 - Exhibit A - Order No. 2006-011 (02/08/06) desired use is to partition the property into two lots of approximately 5 acres each. The following is an analysis of the evidence in the record on the elements of this Measure 37 claim Current Owner - Chester and June Mitchell Claimants presented a copy of a Bargain and Sale Deed indicating they first acquired an ownership interest in the property on March 30, 1973. Owner Date of Acauisition - March 30, 1973 The date of acquisition by the current owner is the relevant date for Board consideration of waivers under section (8) of Measure 37. The compensation section of Measure 37, section (6), uses the acquisition date of a family member to determine the extent of reduction in value for compensation. Since the County has no funds budgeted for payment of compensation, waivers that are issued by the County are limited by section (8) of Measure 37 to County land use regulations that were adopted after the later acquisition date of the current owner. If a waiver is granted as to County land use regulations which were adopted after the current owner's acquisition date, no compensation is due, even if the prior family member held the property for many years. While this may seem inconsistent, the measure was, evidently, written to encourage waivers of local and state land use regulations. Restrictive Regulation - EFU-TE zoning. Under the terms of the ordinance, the claimant must identify County land use regulations that prevent the claimant from using the property in a way that the property could have been used at the time the property was acquired. The claimant must also show that these identified regulations cause a reduction of property value. The Claimants have identified the EFU zoning as restricting the desired use of a two-lot partition. This regulation is a County land use regulation, which is subject to Measure 37 claims. The applicability of additional development standards listed in the Claim will be determined consistent with the Board's Order when a specific land use application has been received. Non-exempt land use regulations will not be applied. Public safety regulations or others exempt under Subsection (3)E of the Measure cannot be waived. Page 2 of 5 - Exhibit A - Order No. 2006-011 (02/08/06) Enforcement of County Regulation - futile DCC 14.10.040(G). Measure 37 requires that an ordinance that restricts the current owner's use be "enforced" against them. There is no evidence that Claimants have applied for a land division of the property resulting in the current zoning being enforced on the subject property. Claimants have not demonstrated that submitting an application for such a land division would be futile. However, this Report confirms that such an application for the desired use would violate the current zoning and be denied. Therefore, the intent of DCC 14.10.040(G) has been met for this claim. Reduction in Value - $200,000 alleged in claim The ordinance requires that the claimant provide evidence of the amount of the claim in alleged reduction in the fair market value of the property resulting from the enforcement of the County's land use regulation. • Claimants have submitted no evidence that domestic water is available although the existing residence is served by an on-site well. • Claimants have submitted no evidence that septic approval is feasible in the area, although Claimants' representative has indicated such evidence is available. • Claimants have submitted a map showing access from Ice Avenue and 18th St., as evidence of available road access for the desired additional lots. • Claimants have submitted a statement on which they base their opinion of the value of their property if they were able to develop and sell one additional residential lot. The value does not include the cost of development. Assuming Claimants could obtain approval of a partition of the property, absent current EFU zoning restrictions, the value of Claimant's property for Measure 37 purposes would be substantially reduced. Effect of County Waiver - Measure 37 clearly allows the County to waive its non-exempt land use regulations only back to the date the current owner, not family members, acquired the property: "(8) Notwithstanding any other state statute or the availability of funds under subsection (10) of this act, in lieu of payment of just compensation under this act, the governing body responsible for enacting the land use regulation may modify, remove, or not to apply the land use regulation or land use regulations to allow the property owner to use the property for a use permitted at the time the owner Page 3 of 5 - Exhibit A - Order No. 2006-011 (02/08/06) acquired the property.., (emphasis added) 11(c) "Owner" is the present owner of the property, or any interest therein." In this case, the present owner has continuously owned an interest in the property since 1973. This follows the effective date of PL-2, the 1970 subdivision ordinance, and PL-5, the County's first zoning ordinance. A claimant who receives a waiver must use the current process to seek the needed development permits based on the zoning in place at the time the current owner acquired the property. Except in a rare case, the current procedural requirements for handling permits are not regulations that reduce value. Therefore, the County's procedural regulations are not waived. Conclusion and Recommendation The present owners of the property submitted a claim pursuant to Measure 37 that demonstrates eligibility for their use of the subject property based on non-exempt land use regulations in effect on March 30, 1973, the date they acquired an interest in the property. There was zoning of the subject property at the time. There is some evidence in the record that some additional development on the subject property would be feasible for available domestic water, and sanitary waste disposal. The non- exempt County land use regulations that were in effect at the time Claimants acquired the property would be applied to a partition application for that use. My recommendation is that the Board approve a waiver in the form of Order attached. This Order would have the effect of waiving the non-exempt County land use regulations that were not in effect until after March 30, 1973, to allow the owners to use the subject property in a manner permitted at the time they acquired an interest in the property. In essence, the County would not apply the current EFU zoning to the Claimants' property which were not in effect when the Claimants acquired the property unless they are exempt from a Measure 37 waiver under Subsection (3)E of the Measure. This waiver is not a development permit. Claimants must apply for a partition under current regulations. Page 4 of 5 - Exhibit A - Order No. 2006-011 (02/08/06) Cautionary Note on Measure 37 On October 14, 2005, Marion County Circuit Court announced its decision in MacPherson v. Dept. of Administrative Services, (Marion Co. Circ. Ct. Case No. 0OC15769), which involved a challenge to Measure 37. The Court ruled that Measure 37 violates the constitution in the following particulars: impermissibly limits the Legislative Branch of Oregon government from exercising its plenary power to regulate land use in Oregon; violates the Oregon Constitution, Article I, Section 20, the Privileges and Immunities clause; violates the Oregon Constitution, Article I, Section 22, the Suspension of Laws; and violates the United States Constitution, Fourteenth Amendment Procedural and Substantive Due Process. This decision is expected to be appealed to the Oregon Supreme Court. However, until ruled on by the Supreme Court (and unless a stay is granted), this decision will prevent the State of Oregon from processing or deciding Measure 37 claims and from administering State laws as if Measure 37 were valid. Deschutes County will, for the time being, process Measure 37 claims unless a claimant requests that such process be placed on hold. Claimants should understand that a decision by Deschutes County may not enable them to proceed with future development or construction in light of the fact that the State may be prevented from processing "State" claims. Claimants who wish to obtain information relative to their "State" claims under Measure 37 are advised to contact the State Department of Land Conservation and Development. Page 5 of 5 - Exhibit A - Order No. 2006-011 (02/08/06) EXHIBIT B The West Half of the West Half of the Northwest Quarter Northwest Quarter (W1Wf NW-41N D of Section Nine (9), Township Fourteen (14) South, Range Thirteen (13) East of the Willamette Meridian; together with five acres of water.frorh'Central Oregon Irrigation District. Order No. 2006-011; Mitchell ~ a Community Development Department ViannIng Divislao Building. Safety blvision Environmental Health Divislon 117 Nw Lafayette, Avenue Bend Oregon 97701-1925 (541)383-5575 FAX (541,)385-17:64 http:JJwww.co.deschutes.or L cdd/ Demand for Compensation - Measure 37 Claim PROPERTY OWNER INFORMATION (Please type or print firmly in dark Ink) ch(?A+e,.- ~:S-LAVIP 0 ifC_~ e1 Dl_,~e.fle_ ~~rsrne~ Nam f Property Owner Name of Representative (if Any) _1 ~7Y4 /U LJ I C~ v 0 N e- -3 rd Mailing Address Mailing Address :'a2 ' or tJE1, QK 02`7260 APJAJ OR 9:2--7b/ City, State, Zip ls`~r 15L/ 8 - 35C) 5 Phone Fax Phone Fax PRIVATE REAL PROPERTY DESCRIPTION Assessor's Map and Tax Lot Number: Street Address: 1-78 q MW t c ZONING DESIGNATION WHEN ACQUIRED: A - I CURRENT ZONING DESIGNATION: E-Ft4 -(4E- DATE CLAIMANT ACQUIRED PROPERTY: 3 (include deed, contract, or other conveyance). e DATE CLAIMANT'S RELATIVE ACQUIRED PROPERTY, IF APPLICABLE: L~la,rr o77, J q 6V (include title report; chain of title letter; lot book report; Assessor's tax lot card). AMOUNT OF CLAIM: $ ooo, DOU A statement of the amount of the claim in dollars based on the alleged reduction in the fair market value of the property resulting from the enforcement of the County's regulation Signature of Claimant (Property Owner(s): Z~, DISCLAIMER NOTICE: Approval of compensation or modification, removal or non-application of land use regulation does not warrant or otherwise guarantee that the present property owner or any successors interest can legally use the subject property for the purpose, or in the manner, approved by the County as such use or purpose may impact third parties, including rights established by Covenants, Conditions and Restrictions (CC&Rs), other private restrictions, or other regulations, restrictions or contracts. ! li«t 3c~rvices Pet fonned/ #hT",de Q 4n ~ 0 0 We purchased Tax Lot 600 Assessor's Map 14-13-09 from Leslie and Elizabeth Aldous on March 30, 1973. A copy of the title report at time of purchase and subsequent deed are submitted with our Measure 37 Claim. At the time we purchased this property, effective land use regulations would have allowed us to divide the parcel into 5 acre lots. The land use regulations cited in our Measure 37 claim have substantially reduced the value of our property by restricting subdivision and partitions, restricting residential development and restricting the building of roads and provision of utilities. Based on a review of Assessor's records and real estate sales in the area, I estimate the current value of our property subject to existing land use regulations at $300,000. If present land use regulations were not applicable, I would divide this property into two five-acre parcels served by on-site wells and septic systems. Without the land use regulations prohibiting such subdivision, I estimate I could sell the two parcels for in excess of $500,000. Therefore, the land use regulations have reduced its value in excess of $200,000. This valuation is approximate and intended to be used as such. Chester A. 'tchel r. Land We Ed-"- i 0 S510 7701 541.317.1009 fax August 31, 2005 Deschutes County Community Development 117 NW Lafayette Avenue Bend, Oregon 97701 Re: Measure 37 Claim for Chester A. Mitchell and June E. Mitchell Deschutes County, 14-13-09 Tax Lot 600 To Whom it May Concern: As you will see from the evidence submitted, the Claimant acquired the subject property at a time when land use laws would have allowed them to subdivide their parcel into 5-acre parcels and place dwellings on both panels. Based on Deschutes County Assessor's records and comparable sale price values in Deschutes County, the Claimants estimate their property value has been reduced in excess of $200,000 due to the current applicable land use regulations. Those regulations include but are not limited to ORS Chapters 92, 195, 197 and 215; OAR 660, Divisions 1-45; Statewide Planning Goals, DCC Titles 17, 18, 22 and 23; and any other state or local land use limitation which would prevent division of the subject property and which would prevent construction of single family dwellings on all panels. Pursuant to Ballot Measure 37, this letter constitutes written demand for compensation for the loss of fair market value of the property in the amount of $200,000. Pursuant to Ballot Measure 37, you have 180 days to resolve the claim. You also have the option of repealing, modifying or waiving the offending regulation in lieu of paying the claim. The Claimants have filed the equivalent claim with the State and do not wish to be compensated for the reduction in value. Instead, the Claimants seek to use the Measure 37 process to develop the property in the manner which was allowable at the time they purchased it. In that regard, Claimants are asking the State and County to exercise there option to repeal, modify or not apply the existing land use regulations to allow Claimants to divide. the property and place single family dwellings on the resulting parcels which will be served by on-site wells, septic systems, and private streets. The Claimants further seek to obtain a Measure 37 remedy which would allow a single family dwelling on the newly created parcel and which would apply to or run with the land to provide for the transferability of the property with the land division and residential development rights. Enclosed are the following materials in support of their claim: 1. Deschutes County Measure 37 Claim Form; 2. Authorization from the Property Owners to file the claim; 3. Statement of Chester A. Mitchell in Support of Measure 37 Claim; • Page 2 August 31, 2005 4. Bargain and Sale Deed dated March 30,1973; 5. Warranty Deed conveying to Applicants dated November 13, 1980; 6. Warranty Deed conveying to Applicant's parents dated March 27, 1964; 7. Title Report with copies of relevant exceptions, dated August 18, 2005; 8. Deschutes County DIAL Report of the subject property; 9. Deschutes County Tax Maps for the subject property; 10. List of owners within 750 feet of the subject property. Sincerely, L~1('l Danielle M. Strome # 0", AUTHORIZATION I, Chester A. Mitchell Jr., as owner of certain real property located in Deschutes County, Oregon, hereby authorize Danielle Strome to act as my agent for the purposes of filing a Measure 37 claim with Deschutes County and the State of Oregon for the real property located at 1784 NW Ice Ave. in Terrebonne, Oregon County of Deschutes. State of Ore on County of ukeS On C~ua U u 073 , 2005 personally appeared the above named Chester A. Mitchell Jr. and June E. Mitchell and acknowledged the foregoing instrument to be their voluntary act. Before me: `ilai.2 ~ UU0 Notary public for Oregon EAL RTWOOD OREGON NO. 389966 MFEB 24 2009 G'r'~ I---- ' 42L/~ e E. Mitchell M v ~"ao ~eNi SepteTt 12"0, Re: Measure 37 Claim Reference # M37-05-64 SEP 3 0 2005 .v To Whom It May Concern: We are the Kellers (Wallace & Lorene) located at 10460 N.W. 18th Street in Terrebonne, Oregon. We have been informed of being able to submit a statement commenting on how we would be impacted by the approval of the Measure 37 request of Chester and June Mitchell (Claim Reference # M37- 05-64). Consulting the accompanying map, the Keller property is outlined in a blue dashed line. The Mitchell property -is outlined in a dashed green line and a solid red line. This then will establish how the Mitchell and Keller properties adjoin. Concern #I Explanation - Irrigation Water Currently, Mitchells obtain water to irrigate their six acres of water right from a ditch crossing the north edge of our property (green line: H-LAT) and under our driveway onto their land. They have no written easement claim on our portion of the ditch. This manner of water access has been in place many years, dating back to a time when both properties were under one ownership. We, the Kellers, assumed ownership of the adjoining property in 1979 and have since maintained the ditch without compensation, though we have not requested such. This decision was due partly to our having rented their land intermittently for the past twelve to fifteen years. Under these circumstances, we had some control of the rate of water. flow and when irrigation occurred. Divided ownership of this property will make renting of both pieces for cattle use and supplying water to both impractical. A solution to this situation has been suggested by the Central Oregon Irrigation District, our water supplier. In conversation with their representatives, it was stated that after Mitchells have supplied them with an explanation on how both parcels would be irrigated, the COID would put in a headgate to supply their water directly from the CID canal ( the blue line on the map crossing the north end of the Mitchell property). Concern #2 Explanation - Overflow Water Control The Mitchell property is currently flood irrigated. The overflow water (often called tailwater) collects at the end of the field after it has flowed Io]4J 6e SO"AANNED across the parcel being irrigated. This is typical of any flood irrigation system. On the Mitchell parcel, water flow, when irrigating, essentially travels north to south with the overflow water directed into a pond at the southwest corner which we share with them (note on the map). It is separate from the one pictured in blue. In years past, overflow water simply flowed into the adjacent property to the west. About five years ago, that property owner requested that the practice no longer continue. By law, the person generating the overflow water must prevent it from impacting surrounding properties. Consequently, we (the Kellers) installed a pump and piping system to carry this water away to another site. Ultimately, then, before the Measure 37 request is approved, the overflow water situation resulting from the irrigation of Mitchell's property needs to be confronted. We DO NOT wish to pump "tail water" for multiple owners when these parcels are developed. Concern # 3 Explanation - Drain field effluent Currently there is one septic drain field in the irrigated area of the property. In the event of further development, at least one additional field would exist there. Irrigation water passes over the field now in use, with the risk of carrying with it effluent that ultimately could end up collecting in the pond that we use to pump "tail water" from. This means that contaminated water could be reaching our property. All factors remaining as they are, the addition of a second drain field would only compound the problem. In summary then, we want it to be known that we do not want our concerns to prevent the Measure 37 request submitted by the Mitchells to be disallowed. What we are asking for is that irrigation of their property be a totally self-contained system, freeing us (the Kellers) from any involvement in supplying water, or processing overflow water. Respectfully submitted, 0L. Kd.&v Wallace L. and Lorene A. Keller SCANNEP ~4. ~w NA 600 502 % 500 ~//4-0/q / ` 0 H- 7 ti 6.0 ac. 7.6 ac. p / /10.4 ac. p ti 2.2 ac.- 1 `LSO knol 901 100 p 01 9.2 ac. 5.8 ac. C. / 8 1 902 1 1.0 ac. 900 1/5.4 ac. 900 / 8 ► ~i 5.4 ac. 13.6 ac./ r / t 3.0 ac. i 1.44 cc 702 p o H-10 L -1 ND' 1 1 / 0// 0\ - 4 1 28.0 c. / / % it l I /ac./ / 8.0 8 ~ci