HomeMy WebLinkAboutDoc 105 - Bend Comm Fire PlanDeschutes County Board of Commissioners
l300 NW Wall St., Suite 200, Bend, OR 97701-1960
(541) 388-6570 -Fax (541) 385-3202 -www.deschutes.org
AGENDA REQUEST & STAFF REPORT
For Board Business Meeting of February 22, 2012
Please see directions for completing this document on the next page.
DATE: February 10,2012
FROM: Joe Stutler Forestry 322-7117
TITLE OF AGENDA ITEM:
Consideration of Chair Signature of Document No. 2012-105, the Greater Bend Community Fire Plan;
and Document No. 2012-106, the Greater Redmond Community Fire Plan.
PUBLIC HEARING ON THIS DATE? No
BACKGROUND AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS:
Community Fire Plans have been completed for every acre (public and private) in Deschutes County.
Utilizing Project Wildfire as the facilitator, two Community Fire Plans are updated annually. In 2011,
the Greater Bend and Redmond Plans were updated and approved by the other agencies required by the
Healthy Forest Restoration Act, having Deschutes County Board of Commissioners signature (Chair) is
the last step in the process.
FISCAL IMPLICATIONS:
None
RECOMMENDATION & ACTION REQUESTED:
Deschutes County Board of County Commissioners approve Chair's signature on both plan documents.
ATTENDANCE: Joe Stutler
DISTRIBUTION OF DOCUMENTS:
One copy of each plan will be retained for recording in County Records and the remaining copies will
be returned to Joe Stutler for distribution to respective community fire plan partners.
11 111111-1 ....., . .... t,h
Prepared by Kate Lighthall, Project Wildfire 541-322-7129 klighthall@bendcable.com
DC 2 0 12 --1 0 5
lsi Declaration of Agreement
The Greater Bend Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) was originally completed and
approved in May 2006. As directed by this CWPP, extensive fuels reduction activities have been
completed on public and private lands. The Steering Committee reconvened in September 2010
to update the original plan. Under the Healthy Forests Restoration Act, the CWPP is approved by
the applicable local government, the local fire department and the state entity responsible for
forest management.
This plan is not legally binding as it does not create or place mandates or requirements on
individual jurisdictions. It is intended to serve as a planning tool for fire and land managers and
residents to assess risks associated with wildland fire and identify strategies and make
recommendations for reducing those risks.
_---_..1
Larry Huhn, Fir Chief
City of Bend Fi Department
George Ro , Bo hair
Deschutes County Rural Fire Protection District #2
evin Benton, Unit Forester
O'1-LJS -{I
Date
Oregon Department of Forestry
DateAnthony DeB one, Chair
Deschutes County Board of
Commissioners
ii
II!lI Acknowledgements
Assembled within the true spirit of collaboration, the following people are acknowledged for
their participation and commitment resulting in this 20 II Greater Bend Community Wildflre
Protection Plan.
Kevin Benton Unit Forester, Oregon Department of Forestry
Cheryl Bregante Resident
JRBregante Resident
Melinda Campbell Deschutes County GIS
George Chesley Resident
Lisa Clark COFMS
Kelly Esterbrook Resident
Jim Dorman Resident
BenDuda Oregon Department of Forestry
Patti Gentiluomo Sunriver CWpp
Tom Fay DCRFPD#2
Gary Frazier Resident
Doug Johnson US Forest Service
Doug Koellermier Bend Fire and Rescue
Katie Lighthall Project Wildfire
Renee Lamoreaux Bureau of Land Management
Bob Madden Bend Fire and Rescue
Gary Marshall Bend Fire and Rescue
Ray Miao Resident
Joe Stutler Deschutes County Forester
Tom Stump Resident
I Misha Williams Resident
iii
1131 Table of Contents
Declaration of Agreement ........................................................................................................................... 2
Prioritized Hazard Reduction Recommendations
Appendiees
Appendix A -Community Base Maps
Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... 3
Contact information .................................................................................................................................... 5
Purpose ........................................................................................................................................................ 7
Planning Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Collaboration ............................................................................................................................................... 10
Updated Background information ............................................................................................................. 11
Community Base Maps ............................................................................................................................... 14
Community Profile ...................................................................................................................................... 15
Wildland Urban Interface description ........................................................................................ 15
Eight Communities at Risk ........................................................................................................... 16
Fuel Hazards and Ecotypes .......................................................................................................... 16
Community Assessment of Risk ................................................................................................................. 19
ODF Assessment of Risk Factors ................................................................................................. 19
Risk of Wildfire Occurrence ................................................................................................. 19
Hazard..................................................................................................................................... 19
Values Protected ..................................................................................................................... 20
Other Community Values ...................................................................................................... 20
Proteetion Capability ............................................................................................................. 20
Structural Vulnerability ........................................................................................................ 23
Summary of ODF Assessment of Risk Factors .................................................................... 25
Fire Regime Condition Class ...................................................................................................... 26
Oregon Forestland Urban Interface Fire Protedion Ad (Senate Bill 360) ............................ 27
Summary and composite of risk assessments .............................................................................. 30
Areas of special concern ................................................................................................................ 31
and Preferred Treatlllent Methods .................................................................................................... 32
Priorities ......................................................................................................................................... 33
Public lands .................................................................................................................................... 34
Industrial and non-industrial private forestlands ..................................................................... 35
Private and County owned lands ................................................................................................. 35
Recommendations to Reduce Structural Vulnerability ........................................................................... 37
Strudural vulnerability hazards and recommendations .......................................................... 38
Defensible space checklist ............................................................................................................. 40
Education ....................................................................................................................................... 41
Action Plan and Implementation ............................................................................................................... 42
Evaluation and Monitoring ......................................................................................................................... 43
iv
1131 Contact Information
Larry Huhn, Fire Chief
Bend Fire & Rescue
1212 SW Simpson Avenue
Bend, OR 97702
(541) 322-6300
Tom Fay, Manager
Deschutes County Rural Fire Protection District #2
1212 SW Simpson Avenue
Bend, OR 97702
(541) 318-0459
Doug Koellermeier, Deputy Fire Chief
Bend Fire & Rescue
1212 SW Simpson Avenue
Bend, OR 97702
(541) 322-6300
Ben Duda, Assistant Unit Forester
Oregon Department of Forestry
3501 NE 3rd Street
Prineville, OR 97754
(541) 447-5658
Joe Stutler, County Forester
Deschutes County
61150 SE 27th Street
Bend, OR 97702
Lisa Clark, Fire Mitigation Specialist
Central Oregon Fire Management Service
3050 NE 3rd Street
Prineville, OR 97754
(541) 416-6864
Kate Lighthall, Program Director
Project Wildfire
61150 SE 2ih Street
Bend, OR 97702
(541) 322-7129
v
Greater Bend
Community Wildfire Protection Plan
m11 Purpose
Wildland fire is a natural and necessary component of forest ecosystems across the country.
Central Oregon is no exception. Historically, wildland fires have shaped the forests valued by
residents and visitors. Forests and other wildlands in greater Bend however, are now
significantly altered due to past forest management practices, fire prevention efforts, modem
suppression activities, residential development and a general lack of large scale fires. These
activities have resulted in overgrown forests -some with closed canopies and all with abundant
ladder fuels that dramatically increase the chances of large wildland fires that bum intensely and
cause catastrophic losses.
Previous population growth and projected future growth has led to increased residential
development into forests and into the wildland urban interface (WUI) presenting an increased
challenge for fire protection, fire prevention and law enforcement agencies.
The purpose of the Greater Bend Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) is to:
• Protect lives and property from wildland fires;
• Instill a sense of personal responsibility for taking preventive actions
regarding wildland fire;
• Increase public understanding of living in a fue-adapted ecosystem;
• Increase the community's ability to prepare for, respond to and recover
from wildland fires;
• Restore fire-adapted ecosystems;
• Create and maintain fire adapted communities; and
• Improve the fire resilience of the landscape while protecting other social,
economic and ecological values.
Originally completed in May 2006, this comprehensive revision outlines a clear purpose with
updated priorities, strategies and action plans for fuels reduction treatments in the greater Bend
wildland urban interface. This CWPP also addresses special areas of concern and makes
recommendations for reducing structural vulnerability and creating defensible spaces in
communities at risk. It is intended to be a living vehicle for fuels reduction, educational, and
other projects to decrease overall risks of loss from wildland fire.
1
C
I(!]I Planning Summary
The Bend City Council adopted the original Greater Bend Community WildfIre Protection Plan
by resolution on May 3, 2006. The Greater Bend CWPP was also formally adopted by
Deschutes County by resolution on May 8, 2006.
Since that time, tremendous efforts have been made by county, state and federal land
management agencies to reduce the threat of high intensity wildland fIres through fuels reduction
activities on public. lands. In addition, private residents have responded enthusiastically to the
defensible space and preparation guidelines to reduce hazardous fuels on their own properties.
Although reducing the risk of high intensity wildland fIre is the primary motivation behind this
plan, managing the forests and wildlands for hazardous fuels reduction and fIre resilience is only
one part of the larger picture. Residents and visitors desire healthy, fIre-resilient forests and
wildlands that provide habitat for wildlife, recreational opportunities, and scenic beauty.
In keeping with the strategy of the original Greater Bend CWPP, the Steering Committee
revisited the planning outline in Preparing a Community Wildfire Protection Plan: A Handbook
for Wildland-Urban Interface Communities (Communities Committee, Society of American
Foresters, National Association of Counties, and National Association of State Foresters 2005).
Eight steps are outlined to help guide Steering Committees through the planning process:
Step one: Convene the decision makers.
The Greater Bend CWPP Steering Committee reconvened in September 2010 to review the
extensive amount of work completed within and adjacent to the WUI boundary on public and
private lands; and reassess the priorities for future fuels reduction treatments.
Step two: Involve state and federal agencies.
The Healthy Forests Restoration Act (HFRA) directed communities to collaborate with local and
state government representatives, in consultation with federal agencies and other interested
parties in the development of a CWPP. The Steering Committee recognized the importance of
this collaboration and involved not only members from the USDA Forest Service and USDI
Bureau of Land Management (BLM) but Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) and Deschutes
County representatives as well. Each agency brought a wealth of information about fuels
reduction efforts planned and completed along with educational information based on current
research across the nation.
Step three: Engage interested parties.
The Steering Committee is also comprised of members of local fIrefIghting agencies, local
businesses, homeowner/neighborhood associations, and other organizations and individuals.
2
Step four: Establish a community base map.
The Steering Committee reviewed the previous maps and boundaries from the 2006 CWPP and
adjusted the boundaries of the Communities at Risk based on new information for this revision.
Step five: Develop a community risk assessment.
Fire Regime Condition Class (FRCC) was used as a risk assessment tool in the 2006 CWPP. No
updated data has been published that allowed the group to use this assessment tool again. The
Steering Committee therefore relied on the ODF Assessment of Risk Factors and the
classification ratings of individual areas under the Oregon Forestland -Urban Interface Fire
Protection Act of 1997 (aka Senate Bill 360).
Step six: Establish community hazard reduction priorities and recommendations to reduce
structural ignitability.
Based on the assessments, the Steering Committee produced two groups of priorities for fuels
reduction treatments on public and private lands -Highest and High. The Steering Committee
also made recommendations to reduce structural ignitability based on information in the
assessments and local knowledge.
Step seven: Develop an action plan and assessment strategy.
The Steering Committee identified an action plan for key projects; roles and responsibilities for
carrying out the purpose of the CWPP; potential funding needs and the evaluation process for the
CWPP itself.
Step eight: Finalize the Community Wildfire Protection Plan.
A draft of the Greater Bend CWPP was available for public comment for 30 days prior to the
final signing and approval of the plan. Interested parties provided comments during this period.
The Greater Bend Community Wildfire Protection Plan was mutually approved by Bend Fire &
Rescue, Deschutes County Rural Fire Protection District #2, Oregon Department of Forestry, and
the Deschutes County Board of Commissioners as demonstrated in the Declaration of
Agreement.
3
(81 Collaboration
In 2002, President George Bush established the Healthy Forests Initiative (HFI) to improve
re~latory processes to ensure more timely decisions, greater efficiency and better results in
reducing the risk of catastrophic wildfire.
In 2003, the Congress passed historical bi-partisan legislation: the Healthy Forests Restoration
Act (HFRA). This legislation directs federal agencies to collaborate with communities in
developing a Community Wildfire Protection Plan which includes the identification and
prioritization of areas needing hazardous fuels treatment. It further provides authorities to
expedite the National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) process for fuels reduction projects
on federal lands. The act also requires that 50% of funding allocated to fuels projects be used in
the wildland urban interface.
Since the enactment of this legislation, communities have had the opportunity to direct where
federal agencies place their fuels reduction efforts. HFRA also allows community groups to
apply for federal funding to make communities safer against the threat of wildland fire.
Although some of the authorities under HFI and HFRA have been subsequently challenged in
f~eral courts, all have been successfully appealed and the original intent and authorities under
each remain the same.
Original members of the Steering Committee reconvened in September 2010 with new members
to update the Greater Bend CWPP. The Steering Committee group included community
members from the greater Bend area along with representatives from the Bend Fire & Rescue,
Deschutes County Rural Fire Protection District #2, Oregon Department of Forestry, the USDA
Forest Service, the USDI Bureau of Land Management, Project Wildflfe and Deschutes County
to develop the Greater Bend Community Wildflfe Protection Plan.
The plan was created by this Steering Committee in accordance with Preparing a Community
Wildfire Protection Plan: A Handbook for Wildland-Urban Interface Communities
(Communities Committee, Society of American Foresters, National Association of Counties, and
National Association of State Foresters 2005); and Deschutes County Resolution 2004-093.
The Bend City Council adopted the 2011 Greater Bend Community Wildfire Protection Plan by
resolution on . The Greater Bend CWPP was formally adopted by Deschutes County
by resolution 2006-039 on May 8, 2006 and this 2011 updated plan on ____
4
lsi Updated Background Information
Bend, Oregon is located east of the Cascades and is the social, economic and recreational hub of
Deschutes County. According to the 2000 census 52,029 residents called the greater Bend area
home. The latest certified population estimates reveal a 60% increase in Bend's population to
83,125 (Population Research Center, Portland State University, July 20 10
www.pdx.edulsites/www.pdx.edu.prclfiles/media_ assets/CertCityTownPopEst20 10 .pdf).
Developed between 3,500 and 4,300 feet in elevations, in a classic wildland urban interface
environment, the greater Bend area is also home to abundant wildlife including deer, elk, and
many species of birds and fish. Within the planning area there is also a significant amount of
public land with developed and dispersed recreation sites which provide valuable recreation
opportunities to both residents and visitors. In the summer months, Deschutes County estimates
an additional transient population of up to 20,000 people that occupy these areas creating a
seasonal challenge for those agencies responsible for fire suppression and evacuation.
Historically, the Bend area was a mix of forest types including ponderosa pine, some open tracts
of western juniper, bitterbrush, sage and open grasslands. Forests in the higher elevations were
composed of mixed conifers.
Today, with more development into the wildland urban interface, less stand management, less
logging activity and highly effective wildland fire suppression, the greater Bend area is
characterized by thicker stands of western juniper on the north and east sides with ponderosa
pine, bitterbrush and bunchgrasses to the west and south. In some areas, invasive species such as
rabbit brush and variety of noxious weeds are crowding out the native grasses and shrubs. The
higher elevations are still a mix of conifers including ponderosa pine.
The Bend community has experienced several large fires (over 100 acres) in the last 100 years.
Three large fires that occurred within the last 20 years have threatened lives, property, wildlife
and the landscape. In 1990, the Awbrey Hall Fire burned 3,032 acres and destroyed 22 homes.
In 1996, the Skeleton Fire consumed 22,000 acres, 19 homes and 15 outbuildings. In 2003, the
18 Road Fire charred 3,800 acres and threatened the southwest side of Bend and the High Desert
Museum. In the summer of 20 10, the Rooster Rock Fire charred over 6,100 acres north of the
Bend CWPP boundary and threatened Bend's drinking water source.
As part of the ongoing wildland fire risk management of the surrounding public and private
forestlands, the US Forest Service, Oregon Department of Forestry, Deschutes County and
private landowners are engaged in several hazardous fuels treatment projects.
Oregon Department of Forestry
Over the last five years, Oregon Department of Forestry has been working with a number of
private landowners to complete fuels reduction projects in the greater Bend area. These projects
have been primarily west and south of Bend. The West Bend Fuels Break project created a fuel
break along the Forest Service 4606 road from Skyliners road to Tumalo Reservoir. Five
adjacent private landowners completed fuels reduction work on 176 acres adjoining the 4606
5
road. Two additional landowners treated a total of 225 acres of fuels reduction work adjacent to
this fuel break or within close proximity. In summary, seven landowners completed 40 I acres of
fuels reduction on the west side of Bend in the WUI.
On the south side of Bend, three landowners completed 639 acres of hazardous fuels reduction.
Currently, ODF is working with two landowners
to complete fuels reduction under the American
Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) grant
program. This project encompasses 31 acres of
fuels reduction in the wildland urban interface .
ODF also has multiple ongoing projects to assist
landowners in compliance with Senate Bill 360
Hazardous fuels reduction: Mechanical
and other treatments used to reduce
ladder fuels and thin trees to decrease the
threat of high intensity wildfires.
standards.
Tbe US Forest Service
The US Forest Service -Bend Fort Rock District manages 37,047 acres of the federal lands in
the greater Bend area and continues to make great strides to increase forest health and reduce the
potential for high intensity wildland fIre.
It is important to note that each project area requires multiple types of fuels reduction activities
to achieve the desired result including mechanical shrub mowing, tree thinning , hand piling, and
under burning. Therefore , mUltiple entries are required in order to adequately restore forest
ecosystem health and reduce hazardous fuels. The ultimate goal for these projects is to reduce
the potential for high intensity fIre that can spread to tree crowns, requiring costly suppression
efforts and causing large losses on the landscape as well as in and around communities.
The following is a snapshot of fuels treatment projects on federal lands across the greater Bend
area as a result of the Greater Bend CWPP:
6
Table 1 -Summary of Federal Fuels Projects as of January 2011
Project
Name
Thinning (acres)
Possible Completed Remaininl?
Mowing (acres)
Possible Completed Remaining
Burning (acres)
Possible Completed Remaining
East
Turnbull 4,957 1,393 3,564 4,622 1,223 3,399 377 336 41
Fuzzy 53 0 53 945 945 0 783 658 125
Katalo
East 535 535 0 1,277 1,277 0 627 0 627
Katalo
West 54 54 0 58 58 0 58 0 58
South
Bend 1,026 0 1,026 2,695 2,256 439 2,035 0 2,035
West
Turnbull 1,198 1,061 137 1,162 0 1,162 559 0 559
Fry 70 70 0 70 70 0 70 0 70
Totals 7893 3,113 4,780 10829 5829 5,000 4509 994 3,515
Collaborative Forests Landscape Restoration Act -Deschutes Collaborative Forest Project
In 20 I 0, a collaborative group of local agencies and organizations formed a proposal for funding
a large, collaborative forest restoration and hazardous fuels reduction project on public lands
managed by the Deschutes National Forest. Under the federal Collaborative Landscape Forest
Restoration Act, the proposal was funded and at the time of this CWPP update, the 130,000 acre
Deschutes Collaborative Forest Project was taking shape with a new Steering Committee and
several task-oriented sub-committees. The entire project spans the west side of the Greater Bend
WUI, the western portion of the East & West Deschutes County CWPP boundary, and is also
included in the Sisters CWPP boundary to the north and the Sunriver CWPP boundary to the
south.
Once implemented the prescriptions and guidelines identified in the Greater Bend CWPP will be
met marking a significant treatment of wildland hazardous fuels on a landscape scale, a priority
in each of the CWPPs in Deschutes County. This will also allow the creation and realization of
fire adaptive communities along the entire west side of the Greater Bend CWPP.
Project Wildfire
Over the last five years, Project Wildfire has secured over $8.5 million in grant funding to reduce
hazardous fuels on private lands . In order to stretch the grant money as far as possible, Project
Wildfire instituted the Sweat Equity Program whereby residents create or maintain defensible
space on their property, bring the woody debris to the roadside and the grant funding pays to
have it hauled away. Project Wildfire manages this program and now estimates that residents
7
participating in this program are treating 10,000 acres each year. The benefit of this program is
not only the treatment of hazardous fuels, but the education and resident "buy-in" that are
occurring at the individual resident and neighborhood levels.
Similar to the Sweat Equity Program, Project Wildfire also coordinates and manages the FireFree
Program whereby residents also complete their defensible space work and bring it to local
recycling sites at no charge.
The debris collected through the Sweat Equity Program is combined with the debris collected
through the FireFree Program to yield approximately 200,000 cubic yards of woody biomass
each year. The debris is ground into a biomass fuel and utilized for making clean energy and
electricity throughout the region.
Firewise Communities USA
The Firewise Communities USA program is a national recognition program which highlights
communities that have chosen to complete and maintain defensible space; ensure adequate
access, water and signage; and build or retro-fit structures with non-combustible building
materials such as siding, decks and roofmg. The Awbrey Glen neighborhood became a
recognized Firewise Community in 2009 and is now leading the charge to assist other
neighborhoods in their Firewise and FireFree endeavors. Bend Fire and Rescue has made the
development of additional Firewise Communities a top priority for the coming years.
u!]1 Community Base Maps
The CWPP Steering Committee relied on the following maps and GIS data (Appendix A):
• Greater Bend WUI boundary with eight revised Communities at Risk, and all private
& public land ownership;
• Updated fire starts in the last five years and fires over 100 acres in the last 100 years;
• 2009 Senate Bill 360 Classification Ratings.
For updated planning purposes, the Steering Committee referenced this data and relied on recent
activities and fuels treatment projects in specific Communities at Risk.
8
I
1[81 Community Profile
The community of Bend presents a unique challenge for
the wildftre planning process. Although the core urban
area is not at signiftcant risk from wildftre due to the
amount of development and lack of vegetation, the areas
adjacent to the core of Bend are characterized by large
trees and excessive ground vegetation or "ladder fuels" that
contribute to its scenic beauty and the overall wildland ftre
risk. Closed canopies are rare inside the city limits.
However, there are signiftcant areas of hazardous wildland
fuels intermixed with homes and businesses that in the
event of a grass or brush ftre, could sustain a wildland ftre
event with catastrophic losses likely. These areas are also
susceptible to ember showers from wildland fire events
nearby.
The climate in greater Bend is typical of the east slopes of
the Cascade Mountains, with most of the annual
precipitation coming as winter snow or fall and spring
rains. Summers are dry and prone to frequent
thunderstorms with lightning storms producing multiple
ftre ignitions.
Ladder fuels: Bitterbrush,
manazanita, sagebrush and other
flammable vegetation that can
provide a direct path or "ladder"
for fire to travel to trees or
structu res.
Ember showers: smoldering
embers from a nearby fire that
can land in gutters, roof valleys;
on or under decks and siding; in
vents; or on lawn furniture where
they can ignite and cause damage
to a home. They can travel miles
and ignite spot fires far from the
original fire.
US Highway 97, a major transportation route through the state, runs north to south, through the
middle of the city of Bend. US Highway 20 also intersects the city of Bend in the north and east
part of town. As central Oregon grows, more residents and tourists crowd the highway and
increase congestion, particularly during the summer months when ftre season reaches its peak.
As part of the central community, transportation routes are included in the consideration of the
WUI boundary due to their critical role as roads and travel corridors that link communities
together and serve as evacuation routes.
Wildland Urban Interface Description
The Healthy Forests Restoration Act defines the WUI as an area within or adjacent to an at-risk
community that has been identified by a community in its wildftre protection plan.
The Bend CWPP Steering Committee reviewed the overall WUI boundary and approved its use
in this update. The southern edge of the boundary is the northern boundary of the Sunriver
CWPP. The northern part of the WUI is the Greater Sisters Country CWPP boundary on the
northwest side and the boundary for the Greater Redmond CWPP on the northeast side. The
east and west portions of the WUI are defmed by the rural fire district boundaries. An area
around the Bridge Creek watershed is also included in the Greater Bend WUI. The city of Bend
lies in the core of the Greater Bend WUI boundary. The Greater Bend wildland urban interface
boundary is approximately 245 square miles and covers 156,041 acres.
9
The Steering Committee further reviewed the internal boundaries of the Communities at Risk.
Based on topographical infonnation and local fire agency knowledge, the Steering Committee
agreed to adjust the North boundary and create a Northwest Community at Risk. The Deschutes
River Woods, Skyliners and Saddleback boundaries from the original CWPP in 2006 were
revised to create the Southwest and West Communities at Risk (see Appendix A).
It is important to note that the WUI boundary extends to the entire CWPP boundary. By
comparison, the Greater Sisters Country CWPP outlines a WUI boundary that sits inside the
overall CWPP boundary as there are large agricultural lands outside the interface with limited
structural development. For the Greater Bend CWPP, the Steering Committee acknowledges
that the wildland urban interface stretches across the entire planning area, with structural
development and other values at risk.
Communities at Risk
The Healthy Forest Initiative (HFI) and the Healthy Forests Restoration Act (HFRA) define a
"community at risk" from wildland fire as one that:
• is a group of homes and other structures with basic infrastructure and services (such
as utilities and collectively maintained transportation routes) in or adjacent to federal
land;
• has conditions conducive to large-scale wildland fire; and
• faces a significant threat to hwnan life or property as a result of a wildland fire.
As noted, the Steering Committee redefined the existing boundaries of the Communities at Risk
to identify these eight (8) Communities at Risk .
Table 2 -Communities at Risk
Estimated
Community at Risk Acreage Structures Population
North 25,441 2,284 5,710
Northwest 12,896
I
413 1,033
West 14,140 51 128
Southwest I 17,397 2,458 6,145
Southeast 36,148 1,611 4,028
Northeast 27,302 1,877
I
4,693
WestUGR 11,715 14,828 37,070
EastUGR 11,002 15,920 39,800
10
Fuel Hazards and Ecotypes
The Greater Bend WUI encounters diverse vegetation types including:
• Ponderosa pine
• Western juniper
• Bitterbrush
• Manzanita
• Sagebrush
and in the higher elevations.
grasses and less shrubs than are present today.
These plants combined with fallen pine needles,
fonned fast-burning fuels that led to recurrent
widespread burning. The fire history for
ponderosa pine is characterized by low-intensity
ground fires that occur at intervals of 11-15
years. The pattern of low ground fires and
stand dynamics resulted in the open park-like
conditions that early inhabitants and visitors
found in the region.
Less stand management, less logging activity and highly effective wildland fire suppression have
significantly altered the ponderosa pine forest type. Removal of the larger pines has dramatically
decreased open park-like forests, replacing them with more evenly spaced and smaller "black
bark" forests. Simi lar to other species of conifer forest types, the suppression of fire has greatly
increased the number and density of trees, creating ladder fuels and putting the stands at risk of
attack from insects and disease. These factors have contributed to more intense fires in
ponderosa pine forests in recent years.
Ponderosa pine is currently found in the southern and western portions of the greater Bend area,
Historically, ponderosa pine forests contained more understory
Western juniper occurs mainly in the northern and
eastern sections of the Greater Bend WUI. The fire
history of western juniper is characterized by fire that
occurs approximately every 30 years and is generally
limited by the availability of fuels. Western juniper
trees have thin bark and fires kill them easily.
Western juniper appears to be expanding its range
over the previous century.
11
Bitterbrush occurs throughout the greater Bend
area on all aspects and elevations and is frequently
found with mixed shrubs such as manzanita and
sage. Bitterbrush is fire dependent, but not fire
resistant. It regenerates mostly from seed after a
fire and often sprouts from caches of seeds made
by rodents. Bitterbrush will sprout after burning
regardless of the severity of the burn and matures
relatively quickly. Consequently, the Greater
Bend WUI area is rich with patches of bitterbrush
that burn well on their own and provide fire-ready
ladder fuels for taller tree stands.
Manzanita is a shrub that occurs throughout the
greater Bend area, usually mixed with other
shrub species such as bitterbrush. Manzanita is
established both through sprouts and seeds that
are stimulated by fire. Fires in manzanita are
conducive to rapid and extensive fire spread due
to both physical and chemical characteristics.
The shrub has volatile materials in the leaves,
low moisture content in the foliage and
persistence of dead branches and stems .
Manzanita is particularly susceptible to fire
where it is the primary understory component.
Sagebrush is found on the eastern portions of the Greater Bend WUI and commonly grows in
association with juniper and bitterbrush. Most fires kill sagebrush plants. In many sage
communities, changes in fire occurrence along with fire suppression and livestock grazing have
contributed to the current condition of sage
communities. Prior to the introduction of
annuals, insufficient fuels may have limited fire
spread in big sagebrush communities.
Introduction of annuals, especially cheat grass,
has increased fuel loads so that fire carries easily.
Burning in sage communities commonly sets the
stage for repeated fires. Fire frequency can be as
little as 5 years, not sufficient time for the
establishment and reproduction of big sagebrush.
In these cases annuals such as cheat grass
commonly take over the site.
The result of the fuel hazards and forest types in the greater Bend area is an overgrowth of trees
and forest floor fuels with an abundance of dead or dying vegetation that contribute to a
substantially elevated risk of wildland fires that are difficult to control. These overly dense
12
conditions lead to fire behavior that produces flame lengths over eight feet with crowning and
torching that can result in stand replacement severity fires.
Not only have large, stand replacement fires not occurred, but also the more frequent low
intensity fires have not been allowed to bum either. This practice of fire exclusion along with
insufficient vegetation/fuels reduction has resulted in the buildup of excessive live and dead
fuels.
181 Community Assessment of Risk
Fire Regime Condition Class (FRCC) was used as a risk assessment tool in the 2006 CWPP. No
updated data has been published to demonstrate the significant amount of work that has occurred
in the planning area over the last five years. The Steering Committee notes the importance
however of a landscape level analysis and understanding with an overall goal to return the
landscape to its historical setting. It is described in this section for reference only.
The Steering Committee relied on the ODF Assessment of Risk Factors and the classification
ratings of individual areas under the Oregon Forestland -Urban Interface Fire Protection Act of
1997 (aka Senate Bill 360).
ODF Assessment of Risk Factors
Risk of Wildfire Occurrence
The risk of wildfire occurrence refers to the likelihood of a fire occurring based on historical fire
occurrence, home density and ignition sources. The risk is rated HIGH in each of the
Communities at Risk based on historical evidence of fire history as well as ready ignition sources
like dry lightning stonns, debris burning, equipment use, juveniles, campfires, and arson.
The current condition of the vegetation on the federal and private lands adjacent to and within
the Greater Bend WUI poses an extreme risk of catastrophic loss from wildland fire. Bend is
also threatened by the likely possibility of a crown fire sweeping into the community, or by
embers falling on the community from an adjacent wildland fire.
Hazard
The hazard rating describes resistance to control once a fire starts based on weather, topography
(including slope, aspect and elevation), vegetation and crown fire potential. As stated earlier,
less logging activity, effective wildland fire suppression and a lack of forest management has led
to dense vegetation in the wildland urban interface. All Communities at Risk in the Greater
Bend WUI are rated EXTREME under this assessment except the East UGR area which is rated
HIGH.
13
I
r
A wildland fire could start within the communities or in any of the forested areas adjacent to or
surrounding the communities. With a fire of any significance, it could be difficult to assemble
the resources necessary to adequately address all of the fire and life safety issues that could arise
in the early stages of emergency operations. The potential exists for a high intensity wildland
fire for any number of reasons, during a significant portion of each year.
Values Protected
The human and economic values protected in the Greater Bend WUI are based on home density
per ten acres and community infrastructure such as power substations, transportation corridors,
water and fuel storage, etc. Five Communities at Risk are rated MODERATE in this category
and three are rated HIGH.
Based on Deschutes County tax records from 2009, there are approximately 36,207 homes in the
Greater Bend WUI, with an appraised value of $8.4 billion. In addition over 2,300 businesses
operate in the Bend area, with an appraised value of $3.3 billion.
The essential infrastructure includes multiple webs of utilities, roads, water and sewer systems
and has an approximate replacement value of $275,000 per mile for electrical transmission lines;
$150,000 per mile of electrical distribution lines; and $2 million per electrical sub-station. Loss
to roads, water and sewer systems would be minimal because most are underground or otherwise
not flammable.
Other Community Values
Of high importance to residents and business owners in Bend is the value placed on scenic
beauty and recreational opportunities that exist on public lands both within and adjacent to the
planning area. If a large wildland fire occurs in this area which resulted in area closures or the
closure of either US Highway 97 or state highway 20, the economic loss to businesses could
exceed $3.5 million per day.
The loss of recreational use by visitors to the area as a result of scenic quality, specifically large
"bum over" areas, will have an unknown economic impact not only to the Bend area, but to the
remainder of Deschutes County and neighboring cities like Sunriver, La Pine, Redmond and
Sisters. If a large wildland fire occurs in this area, the result will be catastrophic loss to both the
developed and dispersed recreational opportunities in the greater Bend area.
Protection capability
Fire protection capability ranges from LOW to MODERATE in the Greater Bend WUI. In this
category, the lower the overall rating, the better the risk factor is. The ratings are based on fire
protection capability and resources to control and suppress wildland and structural fires. The
ratings also consider response times and community preparedness.
When local resources are fully engaged, all agencies can request additional resources through the
State of Oregon and request federal resources through the Pacific Northwest Coordination
Center.
14 I
I
,
l
In addition to this high level of coordination, all fire departments and agencies in Central Oregon
convene each year for a pre-season meeting to discuss the upcoming wildland fire season.
Topics addressed at this meeting include predicted wildland fire activity, weather forecasts and
how agencies can/will respond to meet the needs of fire events.
Bend Fire and Rescue
Bend Fire and Rescue is the city of Bend's municipal fire department. With a predominantly
career staff and small volunteer support personnel, Bend Fire and Rescue provides first response
structural and wildland fire coverage within its 164 square mile service district. Through five
stations Bend Fire and Rescue provides Emergency Medical Services, including Advanced
Cardiac Life Support transport, within a 1,450 square mile boundary. The department also
provides limited Hazardous Materials and River Rescue services. The department has adopted
the National Incident Management Systems (NIMS) and all personnel have received training and
continue to train in its use. Bend Fire and Rescue employs one Fire Chief, five Deputy Chiefs,
three Battalion Chiefs, sixty eight FirefighterlParamedics and Emergency Medical Technicians
(EMTs), six members in the Fire Prevention Division, and three administrative staff members.
The Department also employs six part-time EMTs and utilizes volunteers in other programs.
Bend Fire and Rescue commands a Fire Investigation Team (FIT) that provides 2417 fire
investigation across the district, including wildland fires. The benefit of the FIT is not only in
the investigation to determine the cause of a fire, but to provide information about the science of
fire so the department can focus on a prevention message, campaign and code development to
prevent those fires in the future.
Bend Fire and Rescue utilizes a fleet of firefighting and EMS apparatus including six structural
engines, six off-road brush engines, three water tenders, one ladder truck, one heavy rescue
vehicle, six ambulances, three command vehicles, and seven fire prevention vehicles.
The department is a party to the Central Oregon Mutual Aid Agreement. In the event of a major
fire the department may request assistance from all other fire departments that are signatory to
the agreement. In addition to Central Oregon Fire Departments, this includes the US Forest
Service, Oregon Department of Forestry, and the BLM. Conversely, when these agencies need
assistance and the District has resources available, it assists them. Bend Fire and Rescue is also
a party to an Automatic Aid Agreement with Redmond, Cloverdale, Sunriver, Sisters, US Forest
Service and ODF. Through a streamlined Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD) center, Bend Fire
and Rescue responds automatically to certain calls in areas up to five miles beyond the fire
district.
In addition to the firefighting resources, Bend Fire and Rescue puts 10% of its workforce
towards fire prevention. The fire prevention team is comprised of one Fire Marshal and six
Deputy Fire Marshals that provide enforcement of local fire codes and ordinances as well as
provide public education across the district.
Local Ordinances provide the department with the control of burning practices. This step alone
has contributed positively to the decrease in the amount of fire calls and reduced the threat of
wildfire in the greater Bend area. Also reducing the threat of wildfires within the city limits are
15
ordinances which allow the department to enforce natural vegetation fuels reduction (the "weed
abatement" program).
Local building codes and fire codes also reduce the catastrophe from wildfires as they allow the
department to restrict the use of combustible roofing materials, design new communities with
adequate and proper access (ingress/egress) for emergency vehicles as well as adequate water
supply and hydrant distribution. Address sign specifications and road signs are also managed by
Bend Fire and Rescue. These opportunities give firefighters an expedient route to fires and allow
residents to safely evacuate.
All of these enforced code and ordinance provisions help reduce the number and severity of fires
in the greater Bend area.
Deschutes County Rural Fire Protection District #2 (DCRFPD#2)
DCRFPD #2 is directed by a five-member, elected board of directors. Day-to-day operations of
the fire district are handled by the Fire District Manager. The Fire District contracts with the
Bend Fire and Rescue to provide fire and EMS services within the fire district.
Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF)
Within the greater Bend Will, private forestland and State Parks are protected by the Central
Oregon District of the Oregon Department of Forestry. ODF provides wildland fire response for
fires burning on, or threatening private forestlands paying a Forest Patrol Assessment. There are
some areas within the Greater Bend WUI that receive dual protection from ODF and Bend Fire
and Rescue because they are located within the rural fire protection district and are also
classified as private forestland within the ODF district.
Oregon Department of Forestry provides two off-road brush engines to patrol the Bend area
during fIfe season, typically June tlrrough October. Twelve additional engines are available for
response in the Prineville-Sisters unit. Statewide resources are also available to ODF including
initial attack hand crews, dozers, water tenders, helicopters, air tankers, and overhead staff
positions.
USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management
The US Forest Service and BLM provide wildland fire protection on the federal lands within the
greater Bend area. Together, they are identified as the Central Oregon Fire Management Service !
(COFMS). COFMS includes the Deschutes National Forest, the Ochoco National Forest, the
Crooked River National Grassland, and the Prineville District of the B LM. These four units are
managed cooperatively under combined leadership, with an Interagency Fire Management
Officer, two Deputy Fire Management Officers, and a Board of Directors including decision
makers from both agencies, with Forest Service District Rangers and BLM Field Managers.
COFMS has a central dispatching facility in partnership with the Oregon Department of Forestry
that serves as a communications hub for fIfe and fuels operations, as well as safety and training
issues for COFMS. In total, COFMS provides the following resources: 25 engines, 6 initial
attack hand crews, 6 prevention units, 2 dozers, 2 water tenders, 1 air attack, 3 lead planes and 3
helicopters. Additional regional and national resources are available and include 53
16
smoke jumpers, 2 inter-regional Hotshot crews, 1 air tanker, 1 National Fire Cache, and 23
overhead staff positions.
Law Enforcement
Police services are provided by the City of Bend Police Department and Deschutes County
Sheriff. Both entities have responsibility for ensuring the safe and orderly evacuation of the
community in the event of a major emergency. A number of resources have been allocated to
accomplish this task including hillo sirens on vehicles; emergency notification via radio and
television; reverse 9-1-\ capability; Police and Sheriffs Department staff; Bend Fire and Rescue
staff and community-wide volunteers. Any other issues relative to a major emergency are
addressed by the Countywide Disaster Plan and the Deschutes County Department of Emergency
Services.
Oregon State Police assists the law enforcement efforts and cooperates with the City of Bend and
Deschutes County for protection in the greater Bend area.
Community Preparedness
Also under the category of Protection Capabilities, the ODF Assessment of Risk examines a
community's level of organization and preparedness to respond in an emergency situation. The
assessment looks at whether the area has an organized stakeholder group that looks out for its
own area through mitigation efforts, a phone tree, etc. Or, does the area only receive outside
efforts such as newsletters, mailings or FireFree information from other groups? In the Greater
Bend WUI, the communities at risk varied from having a high level of organization to not having
any. The Steering Committee used local knowledge to determine the level of preparedness. The
average value rating for community preparedness was MODERATE.
Structural Vulnerability
In recent years, many neighborhoods in the greater Bend area have taken steps to decrease the
vulnerability of structures to wildland fire. Although attitudes and behaviors towards fire are
changing in the Bend area thanks to educational programs like FireFree and Firewise, the
population growth and continued development into the wildland urban interface present fresh
challenges each year. The Steering Committee puts high value on the importance of making
structures and neighborhoods in the Greater Bend WUI as fire safe as possible.
The ratings for structural vulnerability ranged from LOW to MODERATE. The survey included
assessments of the following:
• Flammable roofmg -wood or non-wood present;
• Defensible space meets local requirements or not;
• Ingress/egress -one, two or more roads in/out;
• Road width - 0 to more than 24 feet wide;
• All season road conditions -surfaced or not with grade more or less than
10%;
17
• Fire Service access more or less than 300 ft with or without turnaround;
• Street signs -Present with 4" reflective characters or absent.
The following table is a summary of the eight Communities at Risk, the value ratings (with
corresponding scores) and the total scores for each community in each category. The higher the
total score in this assessment, the higher the overall risk.
18
Table 3 -ODF Assessment Summary
What is the Human and
Community likelihood of a fire Protection economic values Structural Overall
at Risk occurring? Hazard ratina ca~abili~ protected vulnerability score Rank
High Extreme Low High Low
WestUGR 40 68 6 50 23 187 1
High Extreme Low High Moderate I
Southwest 35 74 8 35 , 33 185 2
~
High I Extreme Moderate Moderate Moderate
West 30 76 10 22 47 185 2
High ! Extreme Moderate Moderate Moderate
Northwest 30 74 10 22 46 182 3
High Extreme Low Moderate Low
Southeast 30 74 9 22 26 161 4
High High
,
Low High Low
IEastUGR 40 51 7 50 10 158 5
High Extreme Moderate Moderate Low
Northeast 30 66 10 22 26 154 6
High Extreme Low Moderate Low
North 8 22 25 146 7
--~--6_1__
-------
I
The higher the overaU score, the greater the risk.
Risk: Describes the likelihood of a fire occurring based on historical fire OCCWTence and ignition sources. Low =0 -13 points; Moderate = 14 -27 points; High = 28 -40 points.
Hazard: Describes resistance to control once a fire starts based on weather, topography and fue\. Low =0 - 9 points; Moderate = 10 -40 points; High =41 -60 points; Extreme = 61 -80 points.
Protection capability: Describes fire protection capability and resources based on type of protection, response times and community preparedness. Low =0 -9 points; Moderate = 10-16 points;
High = 17 -40 points . The lower the score here, the better the risk factor.
Values protected: Describes the human and economic values in the community based on home density per ten acres and community infiastructure such as power substations, transportation corridors,
water an d fuel storage, etc. Low = 0 -15 points; Moderate = 16 -30 points; High = 31 -50 points.
Structural vulnerability: Descri bes the likelihood that structures will be destroyed by wildfire based on roofing and building materials, defensible space, separation of homes, fire department access
and screet signage. Low =0 -30 points; Moderate = 31 -60 points; High =61 -90 points .
Total score: A sum of all the points from each category s urveyed .
19
Fire Regime and Condition Class
Although not used as an assessment tool for this updated CWPP, the Steering Committee notes it
here because of its description and goals for the overall landscape.
Fire Regime -Condition Class considers the type of vegetation and the departure from its natural
fire behavior return intervaL
Five natural (historical) fire regimes are classified based on the average number of years between
fires (fire frequency) combined with the severity of the fire on dominant overstory vegetation.
Fire regimes I through IV are each represented on the landscape in the Greater Bend WUI.
Ponderosa pine for example has an 11-15 year fire interval with low potential for stand
replacement fires. Ponderosa pine therefore falls within Fire Regime I which describes species
with fire return intervals between 0 -35 years. Western juniper has a fire return interval of 31
years with high potential for stand replacement fires. Therefore, it falls within Fire Regime II.
Table 4 summarizes Fire Regimes.
Table 4 -Fire Regimes
Fire R~me Group Fire Frequency Fire Severity
Plant Association
Group
I 0 35 years Low severity Ponderosa pine,
manzanita, bitterbrush
II 0-35 years Stand replacement Western juniper
III 35 -100+ years Mixed severity Mixed conifer dry
IV 35 -100+ years Stand replacement Lodgepole pine
V > 200 years Stand replacement Western hemlock,
mixed conifer wet
Condition Class categorizes a departure from the natural fire regime based on ecosystem
attributes. In Condition Class 1, the historical ecosystem attributes are largely intact and
functioning as defmed by the historical natural fire regime. In other words, the stand has not
missed a fire cycle. In Condition Class 2, the historical ecosystem attributes have been
moderately altered. Generally, at least one fire cycle has been missed. In Condition Class 3,
historical ecosystem attributes have been significantly altered. Multiple fire cycles have been
missed. The risk oflosing key ecosystem components (e.g. native species, large trees, soil) is low
for Class 1, moderate for Class 2, and high for Class 3.
Table 5 summarizes Condition Class.
i
20
Table 5 -Condition Class
Condition Class Attribntes
Condition Class 1
• Fire regimes are within or near an historical range.
• The risk of losing key ecosystem components is low.
• Fire frequencies have departed from historical frequencies (either
increased or decreased) by no more than one return interval.
• Vegetation attributes are intact and functioning within an historical
range.
Condition Class 2
• Fire regimes have been moderately altered from their historical range.
• The risk of losing key ecosystem components has increased to
moderate.
• Fire frequencies have departed (either increased or decreased) from
historical frequencies by more than one return interval. This change
results in moderate changes to one or more of the following: fire size,
frequency, intensity, severity or landscape patterns.
• Vegetation attributes have been moderately altered from their historic
ranges.
Condition Class 3
i
• Fire regimes have been significantly altered from their historical range.
• The risk oflosing key ecosystem components is high.
• Fire frequencies have departed (either increased or decreased) by
multiple return intervals. This change results in dramatic changes to one
or more of the following: fire size, frequency, intensity, severity, or
landscape patterns.
• Vegetation attributes have been significantly altered from their historic
ranges.
There are 156,041 acres in the Greater Bend WUI area. Significant fuels reduction projects
continue to reduce the amount of acreage in Condition Class 2 & 3. Achieving Condition Class
I on public lands however, requires multiple entries on treatment sites, over a period of years.
For example, thinning and mowing may occur over a 12-24 month project period. The under
burning component of the project may not occur for another year while the land recovers from
the thinning and mowing and produces an adequate shrub content to support prescribed fire.
Condition Class applies on the landscape leveL Therefore, the Steering Committee recognizes
that although significant fuels reduction work has been completed by US Forest Service, the
need continues on the landscape as a whole. The Steering Committee supports the ongoing
planning and treatment process on public lands.
21
Oregon Forestland-Urban Interface Fire Protection Act of 1997
The Oregon Forestland-Urban Interface Fire Protection Act, also known as Senate Bil1360,
enlists the aid of property owners toward the goal of turning fIre-vulnerable urban and
suburban properties into less volatile zones where fIrefighters may more safely and effectively
defend homes from wildfIres. The law requires property owners in identified forestland-urban
interface areas to reduce excess vegetation around structures and along driveways. In some
cases, it is also necessary to create fuel breaks along property lines and roadsides.
The process of identifying forestland-urban interface areas follows steps and defmitions
described in Oregon Administrative Rules. Briefly, the identification criteria include:
• Lands within the county that are also inside an Oregon Department of Forestry protection
district.
• Lands that meet the state's definition of "forestland."
• Lands that meet the definition of "suburban" or "urban"; in some cases, "rural" lands
may be included within a forestland-urban interface area for the purpose of maintaining
meaningful, contiguous boundaries.
• Lots that are developed, that are I 0 acres in size or smaller, and which are grouped with
other lots with similar characteristics in a minimum density of four structures per 40
acres.
Forestland-urban interface areas are identified in each county by a classification committee.
Once areas are identified, a committee applies fire risk classifications to the areas. The
classifications range from "low" to "high density extreme," and the classification is used by a
property owner to determine the level of hazardous fuel reduction that needs to be established on
the property to minimize risk of experiencing structural property loss from unwanted wildfIre.
The classification committee reconvenes every five years to review and recommend any changes
to the classifications. This process was completed and approved in fa112009. At the same time,
Deschutes County elected to classify all the lands within its boundaries, regardless of ODF
protection.
The Oregon Department of Forestry is the agency steward of this program. It supplies
information about the act's fuel-reduction standards to property owners. ODF also mails each of
these property owners a certification card, which may be signed and returned to ODF after the
fuel reduction standards have been met. Certification relieves a property owner from the act's
fire cost recovery liability. This takes effect on properties that are within a forestland-urban
interface area and for which a certification card has not been received by ODF. In these
situations, the state of Oregon may seek to recover certain fIre suppression costs from a property
owner if a fire originates on the owner's property, the fuel reduction standards have not been met,
and ODF incurs extraordinary suppression costs. The cost-recovery liability under the Oregon
Forestland-Urban Interface Fire Protection Act is capped at $100,000.
The specific recommendations under Senate Bill 360 for private lands are outlined under
Prioritized Hazard Reduction Recommendations and Preferred Treatment Methods in this
CWPP.
22
Each of the eight Communities at Risk in the Greater Bend CWPP has one or more
corresponding classification ratings under Senate Bill 360. The ratings among the eight
Communities include High, Extreme and High Density Extreme. The following table
summarizes the percentages of Extreme and High Density Extreme in each Community at Risk.
Table 6 -SB 360 Rating
and percentage of Extreme and High Density Extreme
Community
at Risk
Percentage
High Density
Extreme
Percentage
Extreme
North 0 4% ~
NW 2 4%
SE 0 33%
EastUGR 0 0
WestUGR 0 0
SW 21% 2%
W 0 5%
NE 0 4%
The Steering Committee utilized this infonnation to come to consensus in ranking the
Communities at Risk based on the highest percentages of Extreme and High Density Extreme.
Table 7 -Consensus Ranking of SB 360 Ratings
Consensus Community at
Rank Risk
1 Southwest
2 Southeast
I
3 West
i Northeast
4 North
Northwest
5 West UGR
EastUGR
These rankings produced the following composite for consideration.
23
Table 8 -Composite ODF Assessment & SB 360 ratings
Community at Risk
ODF Assess
Rank
+ SB 360
Rating
= Total
Score
Composite
Rank
WestUGR 1 5 6 3
Southwest 2 1 3 1
West 2 3 5 2
Northwest 3 4 7 4
Southeast 4 2 6 3
East UGR 5 5 10 5
Northeast 6 4 10 5
North 7 4 11 6
The Steering Committee agreed to add the ODF Assessment ranking number to the SB 360
ranking number to produce a final score, then the composite rank. Two groups of priorities for
fuels reduction treatments emerged from this analysis:
Highest
Southwest
West
Southeast
West UGR
Northwest
~
East UGR
Northeast
North
24
Areas of special concern
Critical Transportation Routes
Critical Transportation Routes do not have a standard definition in Deschutes County. For
purposes of the Greater Bend CWPP, the Steering Committee defines Critical Transportation
Routes as:
• all routes necessary for the support of routine flow of commerce to and/or through the
Bend area,
• all routes that could be used for potential evacuation of citizens and/or visitors from a
wildland fire threat to public safety,
• routes needed for emergency ingress and egress to a wildland fire incident, not
including unimproved or "two-track" roads,
• and, all routes needed to protect and support critical infrastructure (power substations,
communication transmission lines, water and fuel storage, public service facilities,
recreation facilities, etc).
With up to 20,000 visitors in Bend per day during peak summer months and an additional 20,000
people using recreation sites and the transportation corridors around Bend, critical transportation
routes are a prime concern for those agencies responsible for fire suppression and evacuation.
As noted in the 2006 CWPP, the Steering Committee is concerned with the lack of maintained
roads leading in and out of the high risk areas in the WUI. Should an evacuation be necessary,
the Steering Committee expressed great concern over the quality of the evacuation routes. Many
of the egress routes are dirt roads that contribute to substantial dust and debris clouds as vehicles
attempt to use them. During the summer months, after a few cars travel the road, the dust is so
dense that it is not safe for vehicles to continue using the road until the dust settles . Lack of
maintenance has led to deteriorated road surfaces with large potholes, ruts and washboards that
slow evacuation efforts and cause some vehicles to break down, further complicating a mass
departure from the area. The current condition of some of the evacuation routes is a life safety
issue.
E
Working with Deschutes County and Project Wildfire, several
neighborhoods within the Communities at Risk have taken
advantage of a signage program to increase visibility of
evacuation route signs along roads. The signs are made from high
intensity reflective material and indicate proper exit routes from
these neighborhoods.
The Steering Committee underscored the need to continue to
identify, develop and protect critical transportation routes as part
of this planning process. Ingress/egress issues are included under
Recommendations to Reduce Structural Vulnerability. This issue
is also highlighted under Action Plan and Implementation.
25
Bend drinking water protection area
The Greater Bend CWPP Steering Committee included the Bridge Creek Watershed in the WUI
boundary. Approximately half of Bend's water comes from this area. The watershed was
established in 1926 in cooperation with the Deschutes National Forest and a subsequent 1991
Memorandum of Understanding which describes protection measures in place for the watershed.
Annual inspections of the watershed are conducted with the Department of Environmental
Quality and the Deschutes National Forest. A wildland fire occurring in or near this watershed
could severely affect water quality in the Bridge Creek watershed. The Steering Committee
recommends treatment for hazardous fuels as identified in this plan to prevent catastrophic
damage from wildfires to the watershed.
Hazardous vegetation along railroads
The Steering Committee expressed concern over the condition of the vegetation in the railroad
right of way in those Communities at Risk that the railroad transects. In Deschutes River Woods
(Southwest) for example, residents are concerned about the increased flammability of the weeds
due to their unchecked growth. In some areas, the railroad right of way extends 100 feet from
the center of tracks on both sides of the rails. In the past, trains traveling in the area have ignited
dry weeds along the railways. In addition to the size of the railroad right of way is the amount
and type of flammable vegetation. These areas are dense with bitterbrush, rabbit brush, cheat
grass and noxious weeds -all acting as ladder fuels to the ponderosa pine that shares the right of
way. Sheer size along with the amount and type of vegetation can lead to a large fire with high
spreading potential to nearby homes and neighborhoods already at risk. The Steering Committee
recommends encouraging the owners of the railroad to comply yearly with requests that the
weeds be maintained below 4" to deter the spread of any potential fires.
1131 Prioritized Hazard Reduction Recommendations and
Preferred Treatment Methods
As maintained in the original CWPP, the Steering Committee agreed that the Greater Bend
Community Wildfire Protection Plan is a tool that can be used for many outcomes. The
following is an outline of the priorities, as well as preferred treatments and goals under the
Greater Bend Community Wildfire Protection Plan.
Priorities
Based on the assessment composite as shown in Table 8 the Steering Committee has identified
the following priorities:
26
Highest
Southwest
West
Southeast
WestUGR
Northwest
High
EastUGR
Northeast
North
Goals
The Steering Committee identified the following goals to meet the Purpose on page one of the
Greater Bend CWPP:
• Reduce hazardous fuels on public lands;
• Reduce hazardous fuels on private lands;
• Reduce structural vulnerability;
• Increase education and awareness of the wildfire threat;
• Identify, improve and protect critical transportation routes;
Preferred treatments and goals for hazardous fuels reduction
Appendix A includes detailed maps of the WUI boundary throughout the Greater Bend CWPP
and the recommended areas for treatments by reducing wildland fuel hazards on both public and
private lands.
The standard of the Greater Bend CWPP is to decrease the risk of uncharacteristic and high
intensity wildland fire behavior by reducing fuel loads to that which can produce flame lengths
of less than four feet. This enables safe and effective initial attack.
The CWPP goal is also to provide for a healthy, fire resilient landscape that supports the social,
economic and ecological values of Bend area residents and visitors. The Steering Committee
recognizes the effectiveness and value of maximizing treatment efforts in areas that are adjacent
to federal or private projects and recommends that future projects consider these benefits when
selecting areas for treatment. The following specific standards are recommended for treatments
on public and private lands within the Greater Bend WUI.
27
I
Public lands
Six of the eight Communities at Risk are adjacent to public lands managed by either the Forest
Service or the Bureau of Land Management. State owned lands represent only a small
percentage of the lands (1.6%) within the plan area.
It is the intent of the Steering Committee that the Greater Bend WUI is subject to expedited
measures for hazardous fuels treatment and allocation of funds to protect the communities and
neighborhoods as stipulated by the Healthy Forests Restoration Act.
The overall standard for public lands under this CWPP is to decrease the risk of high intensity
wildland fire behavior by reducing and maintaining fuel loads to that which can produce flame
lengths of less than four feet in the areas within the WUI boundary. This buffer will begin at the
edge of private lands (except where other land management practices prohibit it such as riparian
or wetland areas) and extend onto the federal lands to the designated WUI boundary. This
enables safe and effective initial attack. This standard can be achieved by federal land
management agencies through a variety of treatment methodologies such as thinning, prescribed
burning and mechanical treatments. Specific treatments should address fuels issues on a
landscape scale rather than acre by acre.
Federal land managers are strongly encouraged to work toward the overall standard by restoring
Condition Class 2 and 3 lands with the goal of returning the landscape to Condition Class 1. In
mixed conifer, lodgepole and sub-alpine fir stands where Crown Fire Potential is rated Extreme
by the federal agencies the recommended standard is to reduce fuel loads to that which can
produce flame lengths of less than four feet, regardless of Condition Class:
• Within a ~ mile buffer of the Greater Bend WUI boundary. Treatments should begin
here and increase in ~ mile increments until the WUI boundary is reached.
• Within 300 feet of any evacuation route from any of the Communities at Risk.
• Maintenance of previously treated lands is also a top priority. Treatment and
maintenance of previously treated lands before treatment begins again in other places
is an important component of keeping communities safe.
In general, the dominant strategy in all areas should be thinning from below, in an effort to
restore large tree, open, ponderosa pine dominated forests. In juniper and bitterbrush dominated
stands, federal land managers are strongly encouraged to utilize mechanical treatments including
prescribed fire to reduce fuel loads to that which can produce flame lengths of less than four feet.
These treatments shall be consistent with the current COFMS Fire Management Plan on the
federal lands and existing land management plans on state owned lands.
The Steering Committee also encourages federal and state land managers to work with local
landowners to minimize road closures that could be used as alternate evacuation routes.
28
Industrial and non-industrial private forestlands
Private forestlands are generally larger land holdings managed for mUltiple values including
timber, wildlife, recreation and water. The landowner mayor may not live on the property
however the property is largely forest vegetation excluding the area directly adjacent to any
structures. There are still a few private forestland parcels in the Greater Bend WUI that directly
border some of the Communities at Risk. The Steering Committee recommends continued
partnerships with private forestland owners that encourage fuels management to the standards
above as part of an overall plan for management of the forest resource.
Industrial and non-industrial private forestland owners can meet the overall standard by treating
Condition Class 2 and 3 lands with the goal of returning the landscape to Condition Class I by
reducing fuels loads to that which can produce flame lengths of less than four feet:
• Within a ~ mile buffer of adjacent communities at risk. Treatments should begin
here and increase in ~ mile increments until the WUI boundary is reached.
• Within 300 feet of any evacuation route from adjacent Communities at Risk.
The standard can be achieved through a variety of treatment methodologies such as thinning,
prescribed burning and mechanical treatments. Specific treatments should address fuels issues
on a landscape scale rather than acre by acre. These treatments shall be consistent with existing
land management plans for these areas.
Private and county owned lands
The majority of the land (66%) in the Greater Bend planning area is private land and is
considered developed, or in rare cases intermixed with development. The County owns less than
2% of the land in this planning area.
Private IWd with or withQut stp.J.ctural imgrovements
On private lands within the Greater Bend CWPP WUI boundary with structural improvements or
those that are vacant, the goal is for each property to meet the Senate Bill 360 Standards for its
individual classification rating. This statute outlines standards and requirements for defensible
space on private property that has fire protection from Oregon Department of Forestry.
Not all property in the Greater Bend WUI is provided wildland fire protection by ODF. During
the reclassification process in 2009 however, Deschutes County elected to classify every parcel
of private land regardless of its protection status by ODF.
A detailed description of the standards is available from the Oregon Department of Forestry in
the handbook for the Oregon Forestland -Urban Interface Fire Protection Act of 1997. This
information is also available at www.oregon.gov/ODF/frre/SB360.
29
The minimum Default Standards under the Oregon Forestland -Urban Interface Fire Protection
Act of 1997 (Senate Bill 360) are:
• Establish a primary fuel break of 30 feet around structures;
• Create fuel breaks around driveways longer than 150 feet;
• Remove tree branches within 10 feet of chimneys;
• Remove any dead vegetation that overhangs a roof;
• Remove flammable materials from under decks and stairways;
• Move ftrewood 20 feet away from structures;
If a property is classifted as High, the standard includes the above requirements and a secondary
fuel break around structures up to 20 feet if the structure has a flammable roof. For properties
rated Extreme or High Density Extreme, secondary fuel breaks around structures up to an
additional 70 feet are required if the structure has a flammable roof. In addition, 20 foot fuel
breaks are also required around the perimeter of a property if it is rated Extreme or High Density
Extreme.
Property owners can also create and/or maintain defensible space, a ftre-resistant buffer that
allows for effective ftrst-response frreftghting and a signiftcantly reduced risk of the spread of
ftre by participating in programs like FireFree and Firewise which promote a variety of ftre safe
actions to help prevent the spread of ftre to protect individual homes and neighborhoods.
30
UEU Recommendations to Reduce Structural Vulnerability
Structural Vulnerability
Based on the assessment of structural vulnerability for the ODF Assessment of Risk Factors,
Table 9 identifies the main hazards within the eight Communities at Risk in the Greater Bend
planning area. For each hazard or risk listed, an action is recommended to address the threat or
decrease the risk. The communities are listed in priority order from Table 8.
I
I
31
Table 9 -Structural Vulnerability Hazards & Recommendations
New Community
Priority at Risk Primary Hazards Recommended Actions
Defensible Space -Hazardous Vegetation Fire Free, Firewise, S8 360 compliance
Structural com~ition FireFree, Firewise, S8 360 compliance
1 Southwest Insufficient water supply Improve water supply
Poor condition of roads Identify, upgrade and maintain
Some inadequate signage Identify and improve
Defensible space -hazardous vegetation FireFree Firewise, S8 360 compl iance
Structural composition FireFree, Firewise, S8 360 compliance
2 West Draft sites only Develop_water supply
Insufficient access & evacuation routes Establish route(s), sign and maintain
Some inadequate signage Identify and impro ve
Defensible space -hazardous vegetation FireFree, Firewise, S8 360 compliance
3 Southeast Structural composition FireFree Firewise, S8 360 compliance
Insufficient access & evacuation routes Improve route(s), sign and maintain
Poor condition ofevacuation routes Identify, upgrade and maintain
Defensible space -hazardous vegetation FireFree, Firewise, S8 360 compliance
3 WestUGR Structural composition FireFree Firewise, S8 360 compliance
, Insutlicient access & evacuation routes I Improve route(s), sigJland maintain
Defensible soace -hazardous vegetation FireFree Firewise, S8 360 compliance
Structural composition FireFree, Firewise, S8 360 compliance
4 Northwest Hydrants only, no draft sites Improve water supply
Insufficient access & evacuation routes Establish route(s), sign and maintain
Poor condition of interior roads Identify, upgrade and maintain
5 East UGR Defensible space -hazardous vegetation FireFree Firewise S8 360 compliance
Structural composition FireFree Firewise, S8 360 compliance
Defensible space -hazardous vegetation Fire Free, Firewise
Structural composition Fire Free Firewise
5 Northeast Insutlicient access & evacuation routes Improve route(s), sign and maintain
Poor condition of some roads Identify, upgrade and maintain
Some inadequate signage Identify and improve
Defensible space -hazardous vegetation FireFree, Firewise
Structural composition Fire Free Firewise
6 North Insufficient access & evacuation routes Establish route(s), sign and maintain
Poor condition of some roads Iden tify, upgrade and maintain
Some inadequate signage Identify and improve
Thanks to the educational efforts across the greater Bend WUI and in response to these
recommendations, individuals and specific neighborhoods have responded enthusiastically to
take the necessary steps to reduce the threat of wildfue. Project Wildfire has assisted multiple
neighborhoods through "Sweat Equity" programs whereby residents complete the defensible
space activities on their property and stack the debris at the roadside. Utilizing various grants,
32
Project Wildfire has the debris hauled away and the resulting biomass ground for use in the
generation of clean electricity.
Table 10 provides a checklist for residents seeking to reduce the risk of catastrophic losses to
their homes and properties.
Table 10 -Defensible Space Checklist
What can I do to help prevent losses to my property and my
neighborhood?
o Post easy-to-read address signs so emergency crews can find your home.
o Reduce flammable vegetation and brush around your home.
o Reduce the density of nearby trees.
o Clear wood piles and building materials away from your home.
o Remove low tree branches and shrubs.
o Keep grass and weeds cut low.
[J Remove overhanging branches and limbs.
o Remove leaves & needles from gutters, roofs and decks.
o Remove dead plants and brush.
o Maintain a minimum of 30 feet of defensible space around your home.
o Screen vents and areas under decks with 1/8" metal mesh.
[J Keep decks free of flammable lawn furniture, doormats, etc.
o Choose fire-resistant roofmg materials.
[J Trim vegetation along driveways a minimum distance of 14' x 14' for fire trucks.
[J Use alternatives to burning debris.
33
Education
As stated in the Purpose of the Greater Bend CWPP, four of the goals for this planning effort are
to:
• Instill a sense of personal responsibility for taking preventative actions regarding
wildland fire,
• Increase public understanding of living in a fire-adapted ecosystem, and
• Increase the community's ability to prepare for, respond to and recover from wildland
fires;
• Create and maintain fire adapted communities.
With these goals in mind, education and outreach are top priorities for the Greater Bend CWPP.
The rapid influx of new residents is just one reason the Steering Committee places high value on
the education of Bend area residents and landowners. Many new residents are unfamiliar with
wildland fire and have limited experience with issues such as defensible space. Residents and
visitors will continue to benefit from clear examples of what a fire resilient forest and
community look like as well as easy access to resources that help them take action.
The creation of fue adapted communities is new to the Greater Bend CWPP as a goal. As
residents employ the recommendations in this CWPP, fue adapted communities will begin to
surface. A recent public paradigm shift across the
United States, a fue adapted community engages a
higher degree of personal responsibility on the part
of residents in fire prone areas. Residents and
neighbors are encouraged to prepare not only their
properties but also their families in fire safe
practices including necessary evacuation protocols.
Utilizing pre-fire strategies such as defensible space
and fire resistant landscaping and construction
materials, communities can turn entire
neighborhoods into fue adapted communities where
even in the event of a wildland fire, people can
safely evacuate themselves, homes survive with
little or no intervention from fire agencies and if
trapped, people know what to do to survive the fire.
A fire adapted community is one that is
located in a fire prone area that requires
little or no assistance from firefighters
during a wildfire. Residents in a fire
adapted community possess the
knowledge and skills to prepare their
homes and properties to survive a
wildfire. They can evacuate early, safely
and effectively and if trapped, they can
survive.
Deschutes County, Project Wildfire and Bend Fire and Rescue endorse the nationwide Ready,
Set, Go! Program that provides a framework for enhancing current education programs that will
lead to the development of fire adapted communities.
There are several opportunities to enhance these educational efforts in the greater Bend area.
Bend Fire and Rescue, the Central Oregon Fire Prevention Cooperative and Project Wildfue all
provide wildland fue prevention programs through a variety of individual and collaborative
efforts .
34
Some neighborhoods in the greater Bend area are well organized through homeowners
associations and other groups. These groups provide valuable ongoing education to their
populations about the risks of high intensity wildland fire and ways to improve their protection.
The Steering Committee supports these groups and encourages their formation in the greater
Bend area to address the educational needs of current and incoming residents about living in a
fire adapted community and increasing personal responsibility for creating defensible space.
Local residents are encouraged to contact Bend Fire and Rescue for information. Residents may
also fmd additional information on how they can reduce hazards and protect themselves from
loss due to wildland fires at www.firefree.org and www.firewise.org.
Km Action Plan and Implementation
The Steering Committee recognizes that the Greater Bend CWPP is a living tool with multiple
applications. The following actions are intended to assist individuals and agencies in the
implementation of this CWPP across Bend and the adjacent WUI.
Reduce hazardous fuels on public lands
Immediately following the acceptance and signed approval of this plan, the Steering Committee
will make copies of the 2011 Greater Bend CWPP available to all public land managers
including the Deschutes National Forest and the Oregon Department of Forestry. The intention
of the Steering Committee is to engage in continued discussions with the greater Bend
community and adjacent landowners to implement the CWPP and accomplish hazardous fuels
reduction projects in the most expeditious manner possible. The Steering Committee recognizes
the effectiveness and value of maximizing treatment efforts in areas that are adjacent to federal
or other private projects and recommends that future projects consider these benefits when
selecting areas for treatment.
Reduce hazardous fuels on private lands
The intention of the Steering Committee is to engage in continued discussions with landowners
to facilitate fuels reduction projects on private lands through the implementation of Senate Bill
360. These actions can be accomplished through education activities and grants for specific
projects on private lands.
Bend Fire and Rescue will work with Oregon Department of Forestry and Project Wildfire to
identify and certify three (3) communities for application under the national Firewise
Communities USA program.
35
Reduce Structural Vulnerability
The Steering Committee is charged with the task of engaging community members to review the
Structuml Vulnembility Assessment in this CWPP and identify projects that will strengthen the
potential for the neighborhoods to survive a wildland fire within the Greater Bend Will. The
ODF Assessment of Risk Factors and Tables 8 & 10 can be utilized as a resource for
homeowners to improve the fire resistance of their homes on an individual basis and also by
groups to implement education progmms.
As asserted above, Bend Fire and Rescue will work with Oregon Department of Forestry and
Project Wildfire to identify and certify three communities for application under the national
Firewise Communities USA progmm.
The Steering Committee is also charged with the task of working with Bend Fire and Rescue to
identify and assess the water resources available for fire suppression in Bend and the surrounding
WUI. The Steering Committee can make recommendations for projects to ensure adequate water
resources are available for fire suppression.
Increase Awareness and Education
The Steering Committee will work with Bend Fire and Rescue and Project Wildfire to review the
educational progmms available and identify potential projects for implementation.
Identify, Improve and Protect Critical Transportation Routes
The Steering Committee will work with Bend Fire and Rescue, City of Bend Police Department,
Deschutes County, and Oregon Department of Tmnsportation to identify and map existing
transportation and evacuation routes. The Steering Committee will assist in conducting further
assessments to determine the evacuation needs of greater Bend and identify potential projects
that develop new routes and/or improve existing routes.
The Steering Committee will continue to encoumge fedemlland managers to work with local
landowners to minimize closures of roads that can be used as alternate evacuation routes.
Fund Projects
The Steering Committee will encoumge and assist community groups in seeking funding for
fuels reduction, educational, and other projects to decrease ovemll risks of loss from wildland
fire.
36
lell Evaluation and Monitoring
The Steering Committee faced a complex task in the update of the Greater Bend Community
Wildfire Protection Plan. Implementing and sustaining these efforts will require a significant
commitment. Maintaining a collaborative and cooperative environment with Bend Fire and
Rescue, Deschutes County RFPD #2, community-based organizations, local government and the
public land management agencies continues to be an important step in reducing the risk of
wildland fire. The Steering Committee pledges to maintain this cooperation with the public over
the long-term with the commitment of all the partners involved.
At a minimum, the Steering Committee shall include: a Deputy Fire Chief from Bend Fire and
Rescue; a representative from ODF; representatives from the US Forest Service, the BLM, and
Deschutes County along with members of the greater Bend pUblic.
The Steering Committee agrees that the Greater Bend Community WildfIre Protection Plan will
be a living document, intended to promote fuels reduction, educational, and other projects to
decrease overall risks of loss from wildland fire; revisited at least annually to address its Purpose.
Project Wildfire will ensure that the evaluation and monitoring activities listed above are
addressed by the Steering Committee each year. As members of the Steering Committee change,
Project Wildfire will ensure that it maintains a balanced representation of agency and public
members, with a continued focus on inviting interested parties to participate in the review and
planning process.
Bend Fire and Rescue will work with Project Wildfire to convene the Steering Committee as
often as the Steering Committee deems necessary to implement and review the Greater Bend
Community WildfIre Protection Plan. Topics for discussion can include:
• Identification and assessment of new or treated risks.
• Evaluation and tracking of progress toward goals.
• Updating of maps.
• Adoption of new and/or revised priorities.
• Identification of specific projects.
• Discussion of grant opportunities and determination of projects eligible for
funding.
• Writing of grants.
• Identification of appropriate projects to address additional items as
outlined in the Action Plan for Structural Vulnerability, Education and
Critical Transportation Routes.
• Coordination of additional items, projects and assessments.
37
Project WildfIre will ensure that the evaluation and monitoring activities listed above are
addressed by the Steering Committee each year. As members of the Steering Committee change,
Project WildfIre will ensure that it maintains a balanced representation of agency and public
members, with a continued focus on inviting interested parties to participate in the review and
planning process.
38
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