HomeMy WebLinkAbout2008-07-09 Business Meeting MinutesDeschutes County Board of Commissioners
1300 NW Wall St., Bend, OR 97701 -1960
(541) 388 -6570 - Fax (541) 385 -3202 - www.deschutes.org
MINUTES OF BUSINESS MEETING
DESCHUTES COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
WEDNESDAY, JULY 9, 2008
Commissioners' Hearing Room - Administration Building - 1300 NW Wall St., Bend
Present were Commissioners Dennis R. Luke, Michael M Daly and Tammy
Melton. Also present were County Administrator Dave Kanner, Deputy County
Administrator; Sheriff Larry Blanton; Barbara Rich and Tom Anderson,
Community Development; Laurie Craghead and Mark Pilliod, Legal Counsel;
various representatives of the media; and approximately forty other citizens.
Chair Luke opened the meeting at 10:00 a.m.
1. Before the Board was Citizen Input.
Jill Fox and Vicki Shaw came before the Board and asked that Jackie Cooper's
thirty years of service with the County be recognized. She was hired on June
15, 1978 and a lot has changed since then. The Commissioners thanked her for
her service and congratulated her on her retirement.
Commissioner Melton noted that Kristi Otteni of La Pine died of cancer on
Sunday, which is a great loss to the community.
2. Before the Board was Consideration of First Reading of Ordinance No.
2008 -023, Amendments to the Public Contracting Code per Changes in
State Law.
Mark Pilliod gave a brief overview of the item. There are a number of
amendments needed; some housekeeping and some adjustments that are needed
due to State law and other changes. There are no sweeping changes.
Minutes of Board of Commissioners' Business Meeting Wednesday, July 9, 2008
Page 1 of 6 Pages
MELTON: Move first reading by title only of Ordinance No. 2008 -023.
DALY: Second.
VOTE: MELTON: Yes.
DALY: Yes.
LUKE: Chair votes yes.
Chair Luke conducted the first reading by title only. The second reading will be
conducted at the Wednesday, July 23 Board business meeting.
Before the Board was Consideration of Approval of the Consent Agenda.
MELTON: Move approval, and that staff be allowed to include the
amounts of the economic development grants in the minutes.
DALY: Second.
VOTE: MELTON: Yes.
DALY: Yes.
LUKE: Chair votes yes.
Consent Agenda Items
3. Signature of Resolution No. 2008 -114, Authorizing the Financing of Various
Capital Construction and Improvement Projects
4. Approval of Minutes:
• Business Meeting: July 2
• Work Session: June 30 and July 2
5. Economic Development Grant Requests
• Family Access Network Foundation — Golf Tournament Fundraiser;
Commissioner Luke granted 3 holes at $275 per hole; Commissioners
Melton and Daly granted 1 each (at $275 each hole)
• Neighborlmpact — Head Start Dental Van Collaboration; the Commissioners
granted $1,000 each
• La Pine Park & Recreation District — Election Expenses; Commissioner
Luke granted $1,357.10
Minutes of Board of Commissioners' Business Meeting Wednesday, July 9, 2008
Page 2 of 6 Pages
CONVENED AS THE GOVERNING BODY OF THE 9 -1 -1 COUNTY
SERVICE DISTRICT
6. Before the Board was Consideration of Signature of Approval of Accounts
Payable Vouchers for the 9 -1 -1 County Service District in the Amount of
$30,510.33.
MELTON: Move approval, subject to review.
DALY: Second.
VOTE: MELTON: Yes.
DALY: Yes.
LUKE: Chair votes yes.
CONVENED AS THE GOVERNING BODY OF THE EXTENSION /4 -H
COUNTY SERVICE DISTRICT
7. Before the Board was Consideration of Signature of Approval of Accounts
Payable Vouchers for the Extension /4 -H County Service District in the
Amount of $5,301.39.
MELTON: Move approval, subject to review.
DALY: Second.
VOTE: MELTON: Yes.
DALY: Yes.
LUKE: Chair votes yes.
RECONVENE AS THE DESCHUTES COUNTY BOARD OF
COMMISSIONERS
8. Before the Board was Consideration of Signature of Approval of Accounts
Payable Vouchers for Deschutes County in the Amount of $690,538.55.
MELTON: Move approval, subject to review.
DALY: Second.
VOTE: MELTON: Yes.
DALY: Yes.
LUKE: Chair votes yes.
Minutes of Board of Commissioners' Business Meeting Wednesday, July 9, 2008
Page 3 of 6 Pages
9. Before the Board were Additions to the Agenda.
A. Before the Board was Consideration of Signature of Signature of a
Notice of Intent to Award Contract Letter for the Jail Control Systems
Remodel.
Eric Kropp gave an overview of the item, referring to a breakdown of the
bids that were presented.
DALY: Move approval, subject to review.
MELTON: Second.
VOTE: MELTON: Yes.
DALY: Yes.
LUKE: Chair votes yes.
B. Before the Board was Consideration of Signature of Signature of
Closing Documents for the Purchase of Property at 2611 Courtney
Drive, Bend.
Mr. Kropp indicated that this involves property located adjacent to the
current Health /Mental Health building. The time is right to make this
purchase, as the property will be needed for expansion purposes sometime in
the future.
MELTON: Move approval.
DALY: Second.
VOTE: MELTON: Yes.
DALY: Yes.
LUKE: Chair votes yes.
C. Before the Board was Consideration of Signature of Order No. 2008-
069, Correcting Order No. 2008 -061, Transferring and Distributing
Certain Monies from the Deschutes County Land Sales Fund.
Mr. Kropp gave a brief overview of the item.
MELTON: Move approval.
DALY: Second.
Minutes of Board of Commissioners' Business Meeting Wednesday, July 9, 2008
Page 4 of 6 Pages
VOTE: MELTON: Yes.
DALY: Yes.
LUKE: Chair votes yes.
D. Before the Board was Consideration of Signature of Order No. 2008-
056, Declaring the Decisions of the Hearings Officers to Be the Final
Decision of the County in the Ballot Measure 49 Common Law Vested
Rights Cases.
Steven Griffin stated that this allows the decisions of the Hearings Officer to
be the final decision; however, the Board can, at its discretion, hear a case.
E. Before the Board was Consideration of First Reading of Ordinance No.
2008 -012, Adopting the Proposed Local Rule for Onsite Waste
Treatment Systems in Southern Deschutes County.
Commissioner Daly said he spoke with staff earlier in the day and is
comfortable with the response.
Laurie Craghead clarified that the minutes of March 19 were on the website
already.
It is not required to have both written minutes and a recording, but this is
usually done for business meetings in any case.
Commissioner Melton observed that it is an interesting process. She was
elected just 1.5 years ago and knows more about onsite systems that she ever
imagined. It is hard to process all of the information.
Where they started and where they are today are much different places. The
Commissioners base policy on what comes to them. There may have been
some bumps in the road, but they have a much clearer understanding of the
issue now. She thanks the community, since a lot of the changes came from
their suggestions.
At the time of sale, another round of testing will be allowed. Timing is the
greatest factor, and not everything can be predicted. They could end up with
other options and more time through a future Board. The current document
allows the possibility of sewers, composting toilets and other options.
Minutes of Board of Commissioners' Business Meeting Wednesday, July 9, 2008
Page 5 of 6 Pages
The greatest factor is the hardship variance. With all of those moving parts
coming together, it is the best the Board can do with the information they now
have.
Commissioner Daly read a statement into the record.
Commissioner Luke said that a lot of people need to be thanked for their help
on this issue. He added that things are not set in stone and changes can be made
in the future if needed.
MELTON: First reading, by title only.
DALY: Second.
VOTE: MELTON: Yes.
DALY: Yes.
LUKE: Chair votes yes.
Chair Luke conducted the first reading, by title only. The second reading is
scheduled for July 23.
Being no further discussion, the meeting adjourned at 1 0: 45 a.m.
DATED this 9th Day of July 2008 for the Deschutes County Board of
Commissioners.
ATTEST:
Recording Secretary
De is R. Luke, Chair
Tammy : aney) S4iton, Vice Chair
Michael
M. Daly, Co missioner
Minutes of Board of Commissioners' Business Meeting Wednesday, July 9, 2008
Page 6 of 6 Pages
ES
0
Deschutes County Board of Commissioners
1300 NW Wall St., Bend, OR 97701 -1960
(541) 388 -6570 - Fax (541) 385 -3202 - www.deschutes.org
BUSINESS MEETING AGENDA
DESCHUTES COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
10:00 A.M., WEDNESDAY, JULY 9, 2008
Commissioners' Hearing Room - Administration Building - 1300 NW Wall St., Bend
1. CITIZEN INPUT
This is the time provided for individuals wishing to address the Board, at the Board's
discretion, regarding issues that are not already on the agenda. Citizens who wish to speak
should sign up prior to the beginning of the meeting on the sign -up cards provided. Please
use the microphone and also state your name and address at the time the Board calls on you
to speak. PLEASE NOTE: Citizen input regarding matters that are or have been the subject
of a public hearing will NOT be included in the record of that hearing.
2. CONSIDERATION of First Reading of Ordinance No. 2008 -023,
Amendments to the Public Contracting Code per Changes in State Law — Mark
Pilliod, Legal Counsel
CONSENT AGENDA
3. Signature of Document No. 2008 -300, an Intergovernmental Agreement
between the Sheriff's Office and Central Oregon Irrigation District regarding
the Use of Inmate Work Crews
4. Signature of Document No. 2008 -053, Approving Funding and Signature
Authority Recommendations for Juvenile Crime Prevention
5. Signature of Document No. 2008 -364, Contract for Subgrant with Sisters
Organization for Activities and Recreation (SOAR) for the Sisters Think Again
Parents (TAPS) Program
6. Signature of Document No. 2008 -318, Contract for Subgrant with SOAR for
the Youth Development & Leadership Program
Board of Commissioners' Business Meeting Agenda Wednesday, July 9, 2008
Page 1 of 7 Pages
7. Signature of Document No. 2008 -384, an Intergovernmental Agreement with
the Oregon Department of Human Services regarding the WIC and Maternal
Child Health Programs
8. Signature of Document No. 2008 -383, an Intergovernmental Agreement
between Benton, Jackson and Deschutes Counties for the MARS (Male
Advocates for Responsible Sexuality) Expansion Project
9. Signature of Resolution No. 2008 -114, Authorizing the Financing of Various
Capital Construction and Improvement Projects
10. Approval of Minutes:
• Business Meeting: July 2
• Work Session: June 30 and July 2
11. Economic Development Grant Requests
• Neighborlmpact — Head Start Mobile Dental Van Collaboration
• Family Access Network Foundation — Fundraiser
• La Pine Park & Recreation District — Election Expenses
CONVENE AS THE GOVERNING BODY OF THE 9 -1 -1 COUNTY
SERVICE DISTRICT
12. CONSIDERATION of Approval of Accounts Payable Vouchers for the 9 -1 -1
County Service District
CONVENE AS THE GOVERNING BODY OF THE EXTENSION /4 -H
COUNTY SERVICE DISTRICT
13. CONSIDERATION of Approval of Accounts Payable Vouchers for the
Extension/4 -H County Service District
RECONVENE AS THE DESCHUTES COUNTY BOARD OF
COMMISSIONERS
14. CONSIDERATION of Approval of Accounts Payable Vouchers for
Deschutes County
15. ADDITIONS TO THE AGENDA
Board of Commissioners' Business Meeting Agenda Wednesday, July 9, 2008
Page 2 of 7 Pages
Deschutes County Board of Commissioners
1300 NW Wall St., Bend, OR 97701 -1960
(541) 388 -6570 - Fax (541) 385 -3202 - www.deschutes.org
ADDITIONS TO BUSINESS MEETING AGENDA
DES CHUTES COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
10:00 A.M., WEDNESDAY, JULY 9, 2008
Commissioners' Hearing Room - Administration Building - 1300 NW Wall St., Bend
A. CONSIDERATION of Signature of a Notice of Intent to Award Contract
Letter for the Jail Control Systems Remodel — Erik Kropp, Deputy County
Administrator
B. CONSIDERATION of Signature of Closing Documents for the Purchase
of Property at 2611 Courtney Drive, Bend — Erik Kropp, Deputy County
Administrator
C. CONSIDERATION of Signature of Order No. 2008 -069, Correcting
Order No. 2008 -061, Transferring and Distributing Certain Monies from the
Deschutes County Land Sales Fund — Erik Kropp, Deputy County
Administrator
D. CONSIDERATION of Signature of Order No. 2008 -056, Declaring the
Decisions of the Hearings Officers to Be the Final Decision of the County in
the Ballot Measure 49 Common Law Vested Rights Cases — Mark Pilliod,
Legal Counsel
E. CONSIDERATION of First Reading of Ordinance No. 2008 -012,
Adopting the Proposed Local Rule for Onsite Waste Treatment Systems in
Southern Deschutes County
Deschutes County meeting locations are wheelchair accessible.
Deschutes County provides reasonable accommodations for persons with disabilities.
For deaf, hearing impaired or speech disabled, dial 7 -1 -1 to access the state transfer relay service for TTY.
Please call (541) 388 -6571 regarding alternative formats or for further information.
FUTURE MEETINGS:
(Please note: Meeting dates and times are subject to change. All meetings take place in the Board of
Commissioners' meeting rooms at 1300 NW Wall St., Bend, unless otherwise indicated. If you have questions
regarding a meeting, please call 388- 6572.)
Monday, July 7, 2008
10:00 a.m. Board of Commissioners' Meeting
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
3:30 p.m. Regular Meeting of LPSCC (Local Public Safety Coordinating Council)
5:30 p.m. Public Hearing to Consider Adoption of the Local Rule Ordinance — South Deschutes
County
Tuesday, July 8, 2008
11:00 a.m. Commission on Children & Families' Interviews
Wednesday, July 9, 2008
10:00 a.m. Board of Commissioners' Meeting
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
Thursday, July 10, 2008
12:00 noon Audit Committee Meeting
Wednesday, July 16, 2008
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
Thursday, July 17, 2008
2:00 p.m. Joint Meeting of Commissioners and Fair Board, at Fair/Expo Center
Board of Commissioners' Business Meeting Agenda Wednesday, July 9, 2008
Page 3 of 7 Pages
Monday, July 21, 2008
10:00 a.m. Board of Commissioners' Meeting
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
Wednesday, July 23, 2008
10:00 a.m. Board of Commissioners' Meeting
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
Monday, July 28, 2008
10:00 a.m. Board of Commissioners' Meeting
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
Wednesday, July 30, 2008
10:00 a.m. Board of Commissioners' Meeting
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
Monday, August 4, 2008
10:00 a.m. Board of Commissioners' Meeting
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
3:30 p.m. Regular Meeting of LPSCC (Local Public Safety Coordinating Council)
Wednesday, August 6, 2008
10:00 a.m. Board of Commissioners' Meeting
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
Wednesday, August 13, 2008
10:00 a.m. Board of Commissioners' Meeting
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
Board of Commissioners' Business Meeting Agenda Wednesday, July 9, 2008
Page 4 of 7 Pages
Monday, August 18, 2008
10:00 a.m. Board of Commissioners' Meeting
12 noon Regular Meeting of Board of Commissioners and Department Directors
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
Wednesday, August 20, 2008
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
Monday, August 25, 2008
10:00 a.m. Board of Commissioners' Meeting
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
Wednesday, August 27, 2008
10:00 a.m. Board of Commissioners' Meeting
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
Monday, September 1, 2008
Most County offices will be closed to observe the Labor Day Holiday
Wednesday, September 3, 2008
10:00 a.m. Board of Commissioners' Meeting
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
Thursday, September 4, 2008
10:00 a.m. Quarterly Meeting with District Attorney
11:00 a.m. Quarterly Meeting with Community Development Department
1:30 p.m. Quarterly Meeting with the Road Department
Monday, September 8, 2008
10:00 a.m. Board of Commissioners' Meeting
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
3:30 p.m. Regular Meeting of LPSCC (Local Public Safety Coordinating Council)
Board of Commissioners' Business Meeting Agenda Wednesday, July 9, 2008
Page 5 of 7 Pages
Wednesday, September 10, 2008
10:00 a.m. Board of Commissioners' Meeting
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
Thursday, September 11, 2008
7:00 a.m. Regular Meeting with the City of Redmond Council, in Redmond
11:00 a.m. Quarterly Meeting with Mental Health Department
1:00 p.m. Quarterly Meeting with Health Department
Wednesday, September 15, 2008
10:00 a.m. Board of Commissioners' Meeting
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
Thursday, September 17, 2008
8:00 a.m. Public Affairs Counsel Conference Call — Legislative Update
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
Thursday, September 18, 2008
9:00 a.m. Semi - annual Meeting with the County Clerk
10:00 a.m. Quarterly Meeting with Community Justice
Monday, September 22, 2008
10:00 a.m. Board of Commissioners' Meeting
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
Wednesday, September 24, 2008
10:00 a.m. Board of Commissioners' Meeting
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
Board of Commissioners' Business Meeting Agenda Wednesday, July 9, 2008
Page 6 of 7 Pages
Thursday, September 25, 2008
9:00 a.m. Quarterly Meeting with Fair & Expo Center
10:00 a.m. Semi - annual Meeting with Assessor
11:00 a.m. Quarterly Meeting with Commission on Children & Families
Monday, September 29, 2008
10:00 a.m. Board of Commissioners' Meeting
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
Wednesday, October 1, 2008
10:00 a.m. Board of Commissioners' Meeting
1:30 p.m. Administrative Work Session — could include executive session(s)
Thursday, October 2, 2008
9:00 a.m. Regular Bi- monthly Meeting with Congressional Staff
Deschutes County meeting locations are wheelchair accessible.
Deschutes County provides reasonable accommodations for persons with disabilities.
For deaf, hearing impaired or speech disabled, dial 7 -1 -1 to access the state transfer relay service for TTY.
Please call (541) 388 -6571 regarding alternative formats or for further information.
Board of Commissioners' Business Meeting Agenda Wednesday, July 9, 2008
Page 7 of 7 Pages
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Deschutes County Property & Facilities Department
Jail Control System Bid Opening Results
July 3, 2008 2:00 p.m.
Base Bid Plus All Alternates
Simplex Grinnel
Justice Systems
Engineered Control Systems
499,373
545,030
493,488
32,651
69,940
265,911
28,554
23,730
14,475
60,000
42,520
49,448
620 578
681 220
823 322
Base Bid Plus Alternates #1 and #2
Simplex Grinnel
Justice Systems
Engineered Control Systems
499,373
545,030
493,488
32,651
69,940
265,911
28,554
23,730
14,475
560.578
638, 700
773,874
Deschutes County
Summary of Changes to Proposed Local Rule
Public Hearing, March 19, 2008
The US Geological Survey and the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) have
conducted scientific investigations that show that groundwater in the south Deschutes County
region will become increasingly polluted over time by discharges from conventional onsite
wastewater treatment systems. The Board of County Commissioners (Board) does not
presume to have the same technical knowledge and expertise as the scientists that participated
in these investigations and relies on their findings that, as stated by the Oregon DEQ, the
science is valid and doing nothing to protect groundwater quality is not an option. The Board, at
this hearing, is considering the question of what action can be taken at the local level to address
the groundwater pollution issue.
July 7, 2008
Changes based on public comments on the March 2008 proposal:
• Compliance Date: Based on specific testimony received at the March 19, 2008 hearing,
the Board changed the grace period before the compliance date from 10 years to 14 years
to provide additional time for residents to pursue other methods of protecting groundwater.
• Definition of Maximum Nitrogen Reducing System: The change to this definition
ensures that a monopoly is not created for one system meeting the standard.
• Variance: Based on testimony related to the potential expansion or creation of sewers, a
provision was created to allow granting of a variance in the event that a failing system is
located in an area where a sewer is being established.
• Ordinance 2008 -012: Two definitions ( "Pollution" and "Public Health Hazard ") were
inserted into the ordinance. These definitions were not included in the proposed rule
language because the terms are not used.
Proposed changes not included in the proposed rule:
• Time Sale Upgrade: The Board of County Commissioners discussed the feasibility of
requiring upgrades at the time that property ownership changes. Because of issues related
to putting this concept into practice, the proposal was rejected.
March 19, 2008
Changes based on public comments on the March 2007 proposal:
• Sewer: To ensure that the proposed rule does not eliminate the possibility of using existing
state processes related to the expansion or creation of sewers, the revised proposed rule
language (Proposed DCC 13.14.070) and revised staff report both identify the state rule
process for expanding or creating sewers in rural areas as a viable option to using onsite
systems. The County is working actively with DEQ /DLCD to:
For more information:
Phone: Barbara Rich, 541 - 617 -4713, E -mail: BarbaraR @co.deschutes.or.us
Web: http : / /www.deschutes.org /cdd /gpp/
o Streamline land use review for the Goal 11 process
o Draft policies and language to establish a Health Hazard Sewer Overlay Zone
• Cost: The Board has established a Financial Assistance Advisory Committee to
recommend how best to assist homeowners with the cost of using groundwater protection
measures using an estimated $35 million of County -owned assets that are dedicated to this
purpose. (Revised staff report, page 21)
• Sewer district language /map conflict (Proposed DCC 13.14.020)
o A conflict exists between the proposed rule language and the draft map proposed for
Exhibit A to Resolution 2008 -21. The proposed language defines the affected area
as, "those portions of Deschutes County contained in Townships 19, 20, 21, 22 and
Ranges 9, 10, and 11, except those areas within existing sewer districts." The map
proposed as Exhibit A to Resolution 2008 -21 shows the city limits of La Pine as the
same as the sewer district boundary, which is untrue.
To resolve the conflict, staff recommends that the rule and staff report language, if
adopted, be changed to read as follows (added text in underline): "South County"
means those portions of Deschutes County contained in Townships 19, 20, 21, 22
and Ranges 9, 10, and 11, except those areas within exk tang sewer districts or city
limits.
• Provision for other wastewater treatment approaches (Proposed DCC 13.14.070)
o Added to allow alternative treatment techniques such as composting toilets or other
systems that meet the groundwater protection goal but are not defined as an onsite
wastewater treatment system or a sewer system.
• Published reports: The staff report has been updated with information on USGS reports
and a fact sheet published since March 2007. (Revised staff report, page 10)
• High groundwater lots /Sunset clause: A sunset clause for siting standards has been
added to highlight the County's commitment to investigating the potential for new
development in high groundwater areas (groundwater Tess than 24 inches from ground
surface). (Proposed DCC 13.14.030)
• Compliance date: The staff report has been revised using reports published since March
2007 and provides additional information about the 10 -year timeframe for decisions. This
compliance period will provide an extended time line during which residents may make
decisions and plan for the approach they believe is best for them. (Revised staff report,
page 19)
Other changes:
Additional grammatical and non - substantive changes to the revised staff report may be
made while the written record is open. Staff will make any such changes as soon after
the record is closed for verbal testimony as possible to ensure the public has as long a
period of time to review these changes as possible.
For more information:
Phone: Barbara Rich, 541 - 617 -4713, E -mail: BarbaraR @co.deschutes.or.us
Web: http : / /www.deschutes.org /cdd /gpp/
Response to Questions from the
South County Financial Assistance Advisory Committee (FAAC)
Based on Meeting with Board of County Commissioners (BOCC)
June 30, 2008, La Pine Senior Center
Questions
Do nitrogen reducing systems need full -time residents in order to function?
No in fact most systems can be shut down and restarted by the aint6tiance provider for
seasonal residents in order to ensure good performance and Y{`~ energy.
Did the model account for seasonal residents?
Yes, the model actually reduces the pollution Toad in consideration of se' anal residents (if there
is no resident in a house there is no pollution being discharged). The per ge of the
population that is seasonal residents has changed from 1980 (about 46 %) to 4about 20 %).
Do Orenco systems work in the snow?
Yes, data from the La Pine National monstration Project show that AX -20 systems function
well even in winter conditions. Repre . es from Orenco Systems, Inc. state that there are
properly functioning systems installed ira t Yt9lumbia, Alberta, Pennsylvania, Michigan,
Wisconsin, Rhode Island, Vermont, Colcado, rit,al) can have colder winters than Central
Oregon.
Were data from the monitoring wells in the sub-
c zone used?
Yes, the data from the sub -oxic wells was used, especially in the groundwater model. This is
important information that tells us how the grourivater system may be able to clean itself over
time once the pollution loading is reduced.
What kind of repairs wo (W ger a system upgrade?
Ordinance 2008 -019 a e proposed rule specify that upgrades will be triggered at time of
major repair or major alt tion. For example, a major repair permit is required if the drainfield is
no longer accepting sewn or is damaged. Replacing a steel tank is a minor repair and would
not trigger a pgrade. The term "repair," including both major and minor repair, is defined in
OAR 340 -07 1pq(125) ,.
What kind of variance is °liable if an area is in the process of getting served by sewer?
The proposed rule provides for a variance to the upgrade requirement if a failing system is in an
area where sewer is available or will be available within five years.
Judy Forsythe
Page l of 1
We(7Te Mo1J
From: "Judy Forsythe" <judybug7669@q.com>
Date: Tuesday, July 08, 2008 4:46 PM
To: 'Tammy Baney - Melton, COMMISSIONER" < Tammy_ Baney@co.deschutes.or.us>; "Dennis Luke,
COMMISSIONER" ‹Dennis_Luke c@Dco.deschutes.or.us >; "Mike Daly, COMMISSIONER"
<boarddco. deschutes. or. us>
Cc: "Barbara Rich" <Barbara_Rich c@Dco.deschutes.or.us >; "Tom Anderson"
‹Tom Anderson@co.deschutes.or.us >; "Peter Gutowsky" ‹Peter Gutowsky @ co.deschutes.or.us >; Todd
Cleveland" <ToddCcco.deschutes.or.us>
Subject: Ask Barbara Rich about these three reports!!
Commissioners:
Please request a copy of the following reports (in blue) from Barbara Rich and please reVie.- before .;z E p , iote on _ c ai
As per your decision at the hearing on 07.07.08 to accept written testimony until 10 a.m. on 07.09.08, l will
be submitting a copy of page 65 of the USGS Report 03 -4195, and a copy of Figure 10 of the USGS Report 02-
4015 at the 07.09.08 Business Meeting at 10 a.m to be included in the written testimony. Page 65 of Report 03-
4195 states very clearly that models and simulations are not guaranteed to be construed to be scientific ,wv
dependable. It was-admitted by Barbara Rich that the FINAL REPORT was based on simulations. This can only
mean that the FINAL REPORT has been mis4abeied as being scientific.
I have also- requested- a definition of what constitutes shallow and deep water. I- keep seeing references to water levels
in the two foot below leach line levels'. Our well log shows the static level of our water at seventy five feet below
ground level with no shallow water present:
Figure 10 of the USGS Report 02 -4015 also shows that the flow of water under Newberry Estates ir; r,^, ^,;sanction "`i+h
our well log is in , ?._ W2y 4,r;r -,no- cter-r' to any other to .c why is Ne . b9* ry Ec* ie4 in"lurfi.d in ihici nears.? Alen
you will find that David Morgan is the co-author of all of these reports. You may alc, wont to review the
GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY OF THE UPPER DESCHUTES BASIN IN OREGON REPORT # 004162 for further
information on the subject.
A letter, as I understand, would be added to the hearing testimony, whereas a statement from staff cannot be
considered as an official part of the testimony.
Under those circumstances, I request this letter be added to the public testimony of last evening. I wilt also bring a
copy of this and attachments to the 07.09.48 Business Meeting and turn them in before the 10 am hour.
Sincerely,
Monte Harmon
LaPine resident, registered voter and taxpayer of Deschutes-County
7/!x/2008
Simulation of Regional Ground -Water Flow
in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Water- Resources Investigations
Report 03 -4195
Prepared in cooperation with
OREGON WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT;
CITIES OF BEND, REDMOND, AND SISTERS;
DESCHUTES AND JEFFERSON COUNTIES;
THE CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF THE
WARM SPRINGS RESERVATION OF OREGON;
and U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Summary of Transient Ground -Water Discharge to Streams
The transient model simulates the volumetric
distribution and temporal variations in ground -water
discharge to streams reasonably well. The match
between simulated and measured volume of and varia-
tions in ground -water discharge is somewhat depen-
dent on geographic scale. Simulated and observed
discharge fluxes and variations are most similar for
streams that receive regional ground -water discharge.
At smaller scales (as would be represented by first -
order tributaries), geologic heterogeneities, topo-
graphic complexity, and model discretization combine
to reduce the accuracy of matches between observed
and simulated discharge fluxes and variations.
Nevertheless, simulated fluxes and variations are very
close for certain small streams, such as Odell Creek.
The fit between observed and simulated dis-
charge fluctuations is also somewhat dependent on
temporal scales. Overall, the fit between simulated and
observed discharge fluctuations is best at decadal time
scales, which reflect long -term climate cycles (such
as droughts). The ability of the model to match the
timing of annual fluctuations is somewhat limited
by the time discretization, particularly the semiannual
stress periods, as previously discussed.
Transient Model Water Budget
The transient model water budget can be evalu-
ated by observing the instantaneous rates of various
budget components at the end of each stress period
(table 7 and fig. 41). The most noticeable feature
of the transient budget is the way the ground -water
system attenuates the wide seasonal and interannual
variations in recharge. Recharge varies interannually
by a factor of nearly 5 while stream discharge varies
by a factor of only about 0.2 (which is consistent
with streamflow measurements). The large swings
in recharge are moderated by storage. During the
wet winters of 1982 to 1984, it can be seen that large
amounts of ground water go into storage (as the water
table rises), and the amount of ground water going into
storage during the winter exceeds the amount coming
out of storage the following summers. This situation is
reversed during the dry winters of 1990 to 1992, when
little water goes into storage and a much larger amount
comes out of storage the following summers (as the
water table drops). The variation in stream discharge
over the calibration period is consistent with observed
variations in discharge of the Deschutes River near
Madras.
65
The transient model water budget shows a cumu-
lative reduction in ground -water storage of about
3.5 x 1010 ft3 (about 810,000 acre -ft) over the 197.5
to 1997 transient calibration period. This is equivalent
to about 0.31 feet of water over the model area and
is consistent with the water -level declines observed
over most of the study area between the late 1970s
and mid- 1990s.
Model Limitations
Numerical models of ground -water flow are
only approximations of complex natural systems
and, as such, have intrinsic error and uncertainty.
Error stems largely from the fact that certain spatially
variable properties, such as hydraulic conductivit)
and stream stage, must be represented as uniform
values in discrete model cells. Simplification can also
occur at larger scales within a model, as is the case
here, where hydraulic conductivity is represented is
uniform in zones composed of multiple model cells.
Model uncertainty stems from random error in the
field measurements used for model calibration, wl ich
is translated through model calibration to uncertainty
in the calibrated parameter values.
Because of intrinsic error and uncertainty, th. fit
between simulated and observed hydraulic heads and
fluxes, described in previous sections, is not perfei ;t.
For example, steady -state model head residuals ha, 'e a
fitted standard deviation of 76 feet, and a root -mean-
square (RMS) error of 78 feet. The RMS error for
heads in the transient calibration is 89.6 feet. This
error affects the differences between simulated
ground -water elevations and stream elevations and,
consequently, the spatial distribution of simulated
ground - water /surface -water exchanges. The comp ori-
son of simulated and measured stream gains and lo ;ses
described in preceding sections, however, shows t Zat
the model fit is reasonably good, particularly at scales
larger than a few to several miles. At smaller scales,
the fit is not as good. The numerical model also has
certain error with regard to transient phenomena.
This can also be evaluated by assessing the fit betty een
simulated and observed variations in hydraulic head
and discharge to streams. In general, simulated an 1
observed responses to regional stresses matched
within a year or two. In the Redmond area, the me del
fit between simulated and observed responses to siiort-
term stresses, such as canal operation and irrigation,
was good.
Geologic Framework of the
Regional Ground -Water Flow System
in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon
onto
h
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Water- Resources Investigations
Report 02 -4015
Prepared in cooperation with
OREGON WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT;
CITIES OF BEND, REDMOND, AND SISTERS;
DESCHUTES AND JEFFERSON COUNTIES;
THE CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF THE
WARM SPRINGS RESERVATION OF GREGO +V;
and U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
44 °30'
44 °00
43 °30
122 °00'
76, o2 -vi.
121 °00'
4
Y
Mill
v,
t
OEMt
Pass
EnKenzie
stet,
H
20
ountain
C4ina /�
Hat {�
tt 9
EXPLANATION
—5000—Line of equal hydraulic head —
Interval 200 and 400 feet.
4- Approximate direction of
regional ground -water flow
--- Geologic fault
o Field- located well
0 5 10 MILES.
0 5 10 KILOMETERS
17
21
22
23
24
25
Figure 10. Generalized lines of equal hydraulic head, ground -water flow directions, and major tectonic structures in thl
upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon. (Head contours from Gannett and others, 2001)
17
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model the aquifer and field test nitrogen reducing onsite systems.
Nine years later, the results of that study are in. The testing has
been done by the USGS, peer reviewed, and onsite systems from
all over the world have been tested as to their ability to treat
nitrates.
Since the results of the testing have been released, the Deschutes
County Commission staff have drafted a proposed local rule. We
have had numerous public hearings and work sessions on this rule
and after taking public testimony, modified the proposed rule to
what we have today.
We removed the Due on Sale clause, removed the emergency
clause, and added four years to the date all systems need to be
upgraded to a total of fourteen years instead of ten. We added a
hardship clause for those who could not afford to upgrade their
systems so nobody would be exposed to the possibility of loosing
their homes because of this added burden.
We also have a pot of money dedicated to help low income people
to upgrade their systems and appointed a committee of Lapine
Citizens to advise us on how we should spend that money. We
have worked on this hand in hand with Citizens from South
County and have taken most of their suggestions and modified the
proposed rule to accommodate their concerns.
The time has come to make a decision. Our Criminal Justice
system uses the words, "BEYOUND A REASONABLE DOUBT"
as a measure on whether or not someone is convicted of a crime. I
have applied this same standard in making my decision today.
I have listened to the Scientists from USGS and sat through a
presentation given by them of their findings. Although their
presentation was technical in nature, I was convinced beyond a
reasonable doubt that there was a great potential that if nothing
was done to reverse the trend, the aquifer in South Deschutes
County would be contaminated sometime in the future.
There comes a time in every politician's life when a tough decision
has to be made. To vote to pass this local rule would in all
probably cost me a large number of votes in the upcoming election.
It would be easy to say, we do not have enough information to go
forward with this, and I would be a Hero. I am not the type of
person to do something that is politically correct rather than what
is right. I have been convinced beyond a reasonable doubt and I
have a decision to make.
I will be voting to pass the local rule currently before us today.
Mike Daly
Deschutes County Commissioner
Model and probability factor
Page 1 of 2
Barbara Rich
From: Barbara Rich
Sent: Wednesday, July 09, 2008 8:20 AM
To: Dave Kanner
Cc: Dan W Haldeman; George Read; Peter Gutowsky; Todd Cleveland; Tom Anderson
Subject: FW: Model and probability factor
Attachments: S_deschutes_graph.PDF; Pages 56 -57 from sir2007- 5237.pdf; Pages35 -36 from sir2007- 5237.pdf
For the Record. I have also attached the pages that Dave Morgan references below.
BCC: The Board
Barbara Rich, REHS
Deschutes County Env. Health
117 NW Lafayette Ave.
Bend, OR 97701
541 - 617 -4713
FAX 541 - 385 -1764
BarbaraR @deschutes.org
http : / /www.deschutes.org /cdd /gpp/ - the Groundwater Protection Project
From: Dave Morgan [mailto:dsmorgan @usgs.gov]
Sent: Tuesday, July 08, 2008 5:31 PM
To: Barbara Rich; 'Steve Hinkle'
Cc: 'Dave Morgan'
Subject: RE: Model and probability factor
Hi Barbara,
I cannot conceive of how a "probability factor" analogous to a weather prediction could be assigned to the
model for the South County area. However, I think I understand the question behind the question. Quantifyi ig
the uncertainty in model predictions is an area of active research as models are being used more frequently t 3
support complex resource management and protection decisions. I'll give you my perspective on how to think
about uncertainty as it relates to the South County model.
By the way, much of material in this email is in our report on the model (Morgan and others, 2007: pages 35-
36, "Comparison of Simulated and Measured Nitrate Concentrations" and pages 56 -57, "Limitations and
Appropriate Use of Models "), but I have summarized it here and provided a graphic that I hope will better
illustrate the agreement between modeled and measured nitrate concentrations for the 40 -year period we used to
test and verify the model.
Simply put, the best way to assess the reliability of the model for predicting future nitrate concentrations is o
look at how well the model simulates past concentrations. During development and testing of the model, w(.
simulated the 1960 to 2000 period and compared statistics for simulated concentrations at 1,398 locations ii the
model with statistics for 1,681 well measurements. The attached graph shows how the statistics of the mod(, led
7/9/2008
Model and probability factor Page 2 of 2
concentrations at the end of the testing period (2000) compared with those of the measured data. Ten percent of
modeled nitrate concentrations were greater than 6 mg /L and ten percent of well concentrations were greater
than 4.0 -4.5 mg /L. The mean of modeled concentrations was 2.0 mg /L compared to mean well concentrations
of 1.6 mg /L. This agreement increases confidence that the primary processes affecting the fate and transport of
nitrate in the ground -water system are represented in the simulation model. Even though the model does not
simulate concentrations at individual wells, it is a useful tool for assessing the effects of on -site systems on
average ground -water nitrate concentrations at the scale required for evaluation of management alternatives for
protecting ground -water quality.
To summarize, the model does a good job of matching the mean concentrations for the past, and unless there are
significant future changes in the hydrology, geology, or chemical processes that control nitrate fate and
movement, the model should do an equally good job of predicting mean concentrations for future scenarios.
Best regards,
Dave Morgan
David S. Morgan
U.S. Geological Survey
Oregon Water Science Center
2130 SW 5th Ave.
Portland, OR 97201
503.251.3263
503.251.3470 FAX
dsmorgan @usgs.gov
From: Barbara Rich [mailto: Barbara _Rich @co.deschutes.or.us]
Sent: Monday, July 07, 2008 8:26 PM
To: Dave Morgan; Steve Hinkle
Subject: Model and probability factor
Hi Dave and Steve,
There was a question at tonight's hearing about the probability factor of the model because it is a predictive model. The
example used was there's a 10% or 90% chance of rain tonight. I.e. what is the probability that the model predictions are
accurate? I explained how the model was calibrated against reality and did an extremely good job.
The Board wants to know by Wednesday at 10:00. Hopefully they will make a decision then.
Barbara Rich, REHS
Deschutes County Env. Health
117 NW Lafayette Ave.
Bend, OR 97701
541 - 617 -4713
FAX 541 - 385 -1764
BarbaraR @deschutes.org
http : / /www.deschutes.org /cdd /gppj - the Groundwater Protection Project
7/9/2008
Comparison of statistics for modeled and measured nitrate concentrations
for the year 2000.
10
Nitrate concentration, mg /L
S 90th percentile (10% of concentrations greater than this value)
f-7 1 Mean
Model simulated
ODEQ data
7
Real Estate data
50
40
LL
E 30
0
20
10
0 0
o -10
w
cc
-20
30
4120
•
• •
t
•
•
I 1 1 I I
•
• • • • •
•
• s• • •• •• se
•• • g• •••4• • 4 • •
• • • •
•• • • • •s7•
• •
•
•
•
•
• •
•
• •t
•
•
4140 4160 4180 4200 4220 4240 4260 4280
OBSERVED HEAD, IN FEET ABOVE NORTH AMERICAN DATUM 1983
4300
Figure 13. Simulated head residuals and observed heads
(June 2000) from the La Pine, Oregon, study area.
was small (1.3 ft3 /s) and was from a few isolated stream
reaches where simulated heads were less than the specified
stage of the stream. Because the simulated system is assumed
to be at steady state (no long -term change in storage), total
discharge is equal to recharge. Ground -water discharge to
streams accounts for 67 percent (39.5 ft3 /s) of total discharge.
Simulated discharge to the Little Deschutes River is 15 ft3 /s
which is within the range of 7 to 20 ft3 /s expected on the
basis of measured discharge (table 4). Simulated ground-
water discharge to the Deschutes River was 12 ft3 /s and was
consistent with measurement data for reaches upstream of
river mile 199.7. Downstream of river mile 199.7 on the
Deschutes River and on the Fall River, most ground -water
discharge emanates from the large springs where basaltic rocks
are in contact with the lower permeability alluvial sediments.
Recharge by subsurface inflow to the basaltic rocks that feed
these springs was not simulated in the study -area model. The
simulated discharge to ET of 16 ft3 /s fell within the estimated
range of 10 -20 ft3 /s and was distributed within the floodplain,
where shallow water -table conditions persist through the dry
months (fig. 10).
Comparison of Simulated and Measured Nitrate
Concentrations
The study -area transport model simulates nitrate
concentrations in ground water and in ground -water discharge
to the near- stream environment. Simulated concentrations
are averages for the 500 -ft wide by 500 -ft long by 5 -ft thick
model cells. With cells covering nearly 6 acres and minimum
lot sizes of 0.5 acre, each cell can contain as many as about
Nitrate Fate and Transport Simulation Models 35
10 homes. Nitrate data collected for this study from closely
spaced sampling locations near the Burgess Road transect
model (Hinkle and others, 2007a) indicate that even in
mature, high - density residential areas, nitrate plumes have
not coalesced to a great degree, and concentrations are highl>
variable at the scale of an individual model cell. Because
of the high variability of nitrate concentrations in a cell,
concentrations at individual wells cannot be simulated with the
study -area model. The inability to delineate the edges of, and
concentrations within, individual solute plumes is a limitation
of transport models at the watershed scale. This limitation
does not affect this study because the information from
the model is intended to help understand and predict water
quality conditions at scales larger than individual plumes
or wells; however, it does limit the degree that measured
nitrate concentration data from wells can be used for direct
comparison with simulated concentrations.
To assess of the ability of the study -area model to
represent the primary processes that affect nitrate movement
in the ground -water system, the statistical distribution
of simulated nitrate concentrations was compared with
distributions for two sets of measured nitrate concentrations
from wells. The first measured dataset was from a synoptic
sampling of 192 wells in June 2000 by ODEQ (Hinkle
and others, 2007a). Only data from the 109 wells where
ground water was oxic (dissolved oxygen concentration was
greater than 0.5 mg /L) were used in the comparison because
denitrification has been shown to be an important process
where ground water is suboxic (Hinkle and others, 2007a).
The second observed dataset was collected under a program
administered by Oregon Department of Human Services
Health Division (DHS), which requires that water from
domestic wells is tested whenever a property is sold. Nitrate
analyses from 1,572 such tests were available for homes in the
La Pine area (Rob Keller, ODEQ, written commun., August
2006). The DHS data were collected from 1989 to 2004.
Dissolved oxygen concentrations are not analyzed as part of
the DHS program so it was not possible to discriminate we1L-
that pump from the suboxic part of the system.
The simulated nitrate concentrations used for comparison
were from the end of the simulation period (1999) and were
taken from 1,398 cells randomly selected from locations
where active on -site wastewater systems existed. Only cells
that contained oxic ground water were selected (because
suboxic cells would have simulated concentrations of zero
by default) and more than one cell could be selected from
more than one layer in the same row /column. The statistical
distributions of measured nitrate concentrations and the
simulated concentrations are similar (fig. 14). The maximum
simulated nitrate concentration was 29 mg N /L, with a mean
of 2.0 mg N /L, and a median of 0.8 mg N /L, and 10 percent
36
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
NITRATE, IN MILLIGRAMS N PER LITER
Evaluation of Approaches for Managing Nitate Loading from On -Site Wastewater Systems near La Pine, Oregon
Oregon
Department
of
Environmental
Quality data
n =109
Simulated
n= 1,3913
Department
of Human
Services data
n =1,572
EXPLANATION
n =109 Number of observations
90th percentile
75th percentile
Mean
Median
25th percentile
10th percentile
o Sample not included in
the 10 -90 percentile
range
Figure 14. Measured and simulated nitrate concentrations
in the La Pine, Oregon, study area, 1999.
of concentrations greater than 6 mg N /L. The maximum of
the ODEQ June 2000 synoptic nitrate concentration data
was 26 mg N /L, with a mean of 1.6 mg N /L, and a median
of 0.3 mg N/L, and 10 percent of concentrations greater
than 4 mg N /L. The maximum of the DHS real estate
nitrate concentration data was 22 mg N/L, with a mean of
1.6 mg N/L, and a median of 0.5 mg N /L, and 10 percent
of concentrations greater than 4.5 mg N /L. The primary
difference in the three nitrate concentration distributions was
the slightly greater proportion of high values in the simulated
concentration distribution. This difference is likely due to
simulated values being sampled from the entire thickness
of the oxic part of the system, including cells near the water
table where nitrate loading occurs and concentrations are
greatest. Samples from the measured datasets were collected
from wells where the screened intervals typically were below
the water table and would be less likely to include water
with high nitrate concentrations. Good agreement between
the summary statistics of the measured and simulated nitrate
concentrations (mean, median, 90th percentile, and maximum)
indicates that the simulated mass of nitrate in the ground -water
system at the end of the 1960 -99 period, is similar to the mass
indicated by available sample data. This agreement increases
confidence that the primary processes affecting the fate and
transport of nitrate in the ground -water system are represented
in the simulation model. Even though the model does not
simulate concentrations at individual wells, it is a useful tool
for assessing the effects of on -site systems on average ground-
water nitrate concentrations at the scale required for evaluation
of management alternatives for protecting ground -water
quality.
The spatial distribution of simulated nitrate concentration
at the water table in 1999 is shown in figure 15 and closely
mirrors the locations of on -site wastewater systems (fig. 1).
The effect of ground -water movement on nitrate concentration
is evident where areas of high concentration are elongated
parallel to the primary directions of ground -water flow,
such as immediately south of Burgess Road. The effect of
denitrification on the simulated distribution is evident where
concentrations sharply decrease along easterly ground -water
flow paths that terminate at the Little Deschutes River, such
as in central T21S R1OE (fig. 15). The sharp concentration
gradient is coincident with an area where the oxic part of the
system decreases in thickness (compare fig. 8). This decrease,
along with the downward component of advective transport,
forces a large fraction of the nitrate in the system to be
transported into the suboxic zone and lost to denitrification.
At the end of the simulation period (1999), the rate
of nitrate (as N) loading to the ground -water system
was 82,000 lb /yr (37,000 kg /yr). The simulated rate of
denitrification in the suboxic part of the system was 31,000 lb/
yr (13,900 kg /yr) and the simulated discharge of nitrate to the
near- stream environment was 8,000 lb /yr (3,650 kg /yr). The
remaining 43,000 lb /yr (19,400 kg /yr) was added to storage
in the shallow ground -water system. Nitrate added to storage
increased the mean concentration in the ground -water system
from essentially zero in 1960 to a mean of 2 mg N/L in 1999.
Management Scenario Simulations
Simulation models often are developed with the goal
of using them for predicting future effects of management
strategies. The study -area model was initially used in what is
referred to as a trial- and -error prediction mode. In this mode,
future scenarios are designed in which the nitrate loading
input to the model is varied according to a hypothetical
set of management strategies that could be imposed. The
locations and rates of loading over time are specified as input
to the simulation model and the model predicts the resulting
distribution of nitrate concentrations in the aquifer and the
discharge of nitrate to the streams. The scenario results
then are compared to assess whether management strategies
succeeded in meeting water- quality goals. This is referred to
as a trial- and -error procedure because often many simulations
must be made to find management strategies that meet
water quality goals. The results of the scenario simulations
are presented here for later comparison to results of the
simulation - optimization approach.
56 Evaluation of Approaches for Managing Nitate Loading from On -Site Wastewater Systems near La Pine, Oregon
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systems
Status quo
(Scenario 1)
30 mg /L
systems
Optimal 20 mg /L 10 mg /L 2 mg /L
solution systems systems systems
(Scenario 3))Scenario 5))Scenario 7)
Figure 27. Comparison of loading and water quality
between optimal and nonoptimal management scenarios
for the La Pine, Oregon, study area.
Limitations and Appropriate Use of
Models
The transect and study -area simulation models were
developed to generate a better understanding of the fate
and transport of nitrate from on -site wastewater systems at
multiple scales. The study -area model also may be used to
help evaluate alternative options for management of nitrate
loading from on -site wastewater systems. Limitations of
the modeling software, assumptions made during model
development, and results of model calibration and sensitivity
analysis all are factors that constrain the appropriate use of
these models and highlight potential future improvements.
A simulation model is a means for testing a conceptual
understanding of a system. Because ground -water flow
systems are inherently complex, simplifying assumptions must
be made in developing and applying model codes (Anderson
and Woessner, 1992). Models solve for average conditions
(for example, head or nitrate concentrations) within each cell
using parameters which are interpolated or extrapolated from
measurements, and (or) estimated during calibration. Practical
limitations on model size, and hence minimum cell size, are
imposed by the size and speed of available computers. More
commonly, however, it is the availability of data to define the
system that limits the scale and accuracy of the model. In light
of this, the intent in developing the simulation models was not
to reproduce every detail of the natural system, but to portray
its important characteristics in sufficient detail to provide a
useful tool for testing the conceptual model and evaluating
alternative management options.
Simulation Models
The study -area simulation model is a decision - support
tool for evaluating the effects of wastewater management
alternatives on ground -water and surface -water quality at the
neighborhood to watershed scale. The study area and transect
models are not capable of simulating nitrate concentrations
at individual wells; however, the transect model (which has
more than twice the lateral resolution of the study -area model)
has sufficient detail to approximately simulate the location of
nitrate plumes.
The ground -water flow system was assumed to be
at steady- state, meaning that the velocity and direction of
ground -water flow did not change with time. Water -level
variation occurs seasonally and over the long term in response
to stresses like climatic variation. The variation can change
the velocity, and possibly direction, of ground -water flow over
periods ranging from hours to years depending on the cause; a
change in river stage might affect the system for hours to days
whereas an extended drought might have effects that last for
months to years. These changes in the flow system could have
effects on the fate and transport of nitrate not represented by
the simulation models. The simulation models are designed
to evaluate the long -term effects of options for management
of nitrate loading. The models should not be used to evaluate
short-term changes without considering the possible effects
of changes in the ground -water velocity distribution from the
steady -state conditions represented in the models.
The location of the boundary between the oxic and
suboxic parts of the ground -water system was mapped based
on dissolved oxygen concentrations in 256 wells sampled as
part of a synoptic sampling of private wells by ODEQ and
Deschutes County in June 2000. Because denitrification is
assumed to occur at the oxic - suboxic boundary and nitrate
concentration below the boundary (in the suboxic zone) is
specified as zero, simulated nitrate concentrations near and
below the boundary are sensitive to location. Uncertainty in
the boundary location will result in uncertainty in simulated
nitrate concentrations. The distribution of wells used to map
the boundary was generally good for a study area this size,
however, the boundary location is less certain in some areas.
For example, there were fewer wells available to constrain the
location of the boundary near the margin of the model area and
near streams. In these areas, model results should be evaluated
with respect to the effects of uncertainty on simulated nitrate
concentrations.
The ground -water discharge to evapotranspiration process
is simulated by the study -area model and accounts for the
mass of water lost from the system where deep- rooted plants
extract ground water for transpiration and where ground
water is shallow enough to be evaporated from bare soil.
Plants also may take up nutrients dissolved in ground water;
however, the rate of uptake is highly variable and poorly
understood in non - agricultural settings. Nutrients and other
solutes are not removed by evaporation and this process
results in concentration of solutes in ground water. For this
study, there was no basis for partitioning the mass of ground
water discharged by ET into its transpiration and evaporation
components and it was assumed that no nitrate was taken up
with the mass of water discharged by ET. This assumption
may bias simulated nitrate concentrations toward high values
in areas where ET is a significant part of ground -water
discharge.
Management Model
Because the NLMM was developed using optimization
methods with the study -area simulation model, the NLMM is
subject to the same limitations listed for the study -area model.
However, additional factors should be considered when using
the management model that relate to how the management
problem is formulated.
The sensitivity analysis of the NLMM presented in this
report illustrates how closely optimal solutions are tied to the
definition of the management problem. The NLMM solutions
were shown to be highly dependent on the value of the
maximum nitrate concentration constraint and on the number,
location, and depth of specified constraints. Assignment of the
constraints is an important part of developing a strategy for
protecting ground -water resources.
The management problem for this study was formulated
with the objective of minimizing the amount of reduction
in nitrate loading that would be required to meet specified
water - quality goals within management areas. Management
area boundaries were defined using the township and section
lines of the Public Land Survey System (PLSS) and included
areas ranging from 160 to 640 acres. The management -area
boundaries do not coincide with the hydrologic, geologic,
and geochemical boundaries that control the nitrate loading
capacity of the system. The loading capacity for some
management areas may be strongly controlled by loading in
part of the area close to where constraints were specified.
Large differences in computed optimal reduction requirements
can occur across management -area boundaries even though
there may be little difference in lot densities, recharge, depth
of the suboxic zone, or other factors that affect loading
capacity. Users of the NLMM need to be cognizant of the
effects of problem formulation on results and interject
knowledge of on- the - ground conditions when using model
results to support management decisions.
Summary and Conclusions 57
Summary and Conclusions
Ground -water is an important resource in the rural
communities of southern Deschutes and northern Klamath
County, near La Pine, Oregon. The primary aquifer, and
only source of drinking water to about 14,000 residents,
comprises alluvial sand and gravel deposits within 100 ft of
land surface. Nearly 60 percent of residential lots are less
than 1 acre and almost all homes use on -site wastewater
disposal systems. Nitrate concentrations greater than the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking water MCL
of 10 mg /L were discovered in the oldest developed part of
the area in the late 1970s and elevated concentrations have
subsequently been detected in more recently developed
areas. In 2000, nitrate concentrations greater than 4 mg N/L
were detected in 10 percent of domestic wells sampled by
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. Because of
concern for the vulnerability of the ground -water resource,
the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality and
Deschutes County, in cooperation with the U.S. Geological
Survey, conducted a study to develop a better understanding
of the hydrologic and chemical processes that affect the
movement and fate of nitrogen within the shallow aquifers of
the La Pine region. Simulation models were used to test the
conceptual understanding of the system and were coupled with
optimization methods to provide a management model that
can be used to efficiently evaluate alternative approaches for
managing nitrate loading from on -site wastewater systems.
The geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical frameworks
for the conceptual and numerical models were developed
using several data sources including previous hydrogeologic
and water- quality studies in the area, an associated, large -
scale field experiment evaluating advanced treatment on -site
wastewater systems, literature for similar studies in other
areas, and extensive field data collection for this study.
The primary aquifer in the study area is composed of
complexly interbedded fluvial silt, sand, and gravel deposits.
A three - dimensional hydrofacies model of the fluvial system
was created with transition probability geostatistical methods
using parameters derived from analysis of two- dimensional
lithologic sections and lithologic data from more than 400
drillers' logs. Five hydrofacies were included in the final
model: clay -silt, sand, gravel, lacustrine clay -silt, and basalt.
Mean annual ground -water recharge to the alluvial aquifer
is 3.2 in/yr, primarily from infiltration of precipitation and
snowmelt. Ground -water discharges to streams, springs, and
wells, and by evapotranspiration. The water -table generally
is within 5 -20 ft of land surface and varies seasonally over
a range of a few feet in response to recharge and changing
stream stage.