HomeMy WebLinkAboutSo Co Local Wetland Inventory Report SummaryDepartment of State Lands
775 Summer Street NE, Suite 100
Salem, OR 97301-1279
(503) 986-5200
July 19,2011 F}u(503)37~
www.oregonstatelands.us
Tammy Baney, Chair State Land Board
Deschutes County Board of Commissioners
1300 NW Wall Street, Suite 200 John A. Kitzhaber, MD
Bend, OR 97701 Governor
Kate Brown
Re: Approval ofthe South Deschutes County Local Wetlands Inventory and Secretary of State
Assessment
Ted Wheeler
State Treasurer
Dear Ms. Baney:
I am pleased to notify you that the Department of State Lands (DSL) has approved your Local
Wetlands Inventory (L WI) and assessment. We appreciate your planning staff and the wetland
consultant working with our staff to ensure that the inventory meets state L WI requirements
(OAR 141-86-180 to 240) and the county's needs. The DSL-approved report and maps can be
viewed and downloaded from our website at
http://www.oregonstatelands.usIDSLIWETLAND/lwi disclaimer agreed.shtml? The DSL
approved GIS datasets are available for download from the Department's ft.p site at
ftp://rogue.dsl.state.or.us/. Please contact DSL ifyou would like a paper copy ofthe approved
LWl. The fmal iBventoryrequirementis-forthe-county to Botifyproperty-owners with wetlands
or probable wetlands mapped on their property within 120 days of this approval. Please provide
us with a copy ofthe landowner notification, indicating the date of notification when notification
has been completed.
Approval by DSL means that the L WI becomes part ofthe Statewide Wetlands Inventory. The
LWI must now be used by the county instead ofthe National Wetlands Inventory for the
Wetland Land Use Notification Process (ORS 227.350) for the portion of the County within the
LWI study area. The LWI and functional assessment also form the foundation for wetland
planning under Statewide Planning Goals 5 and/or 6, and the L WI must be adopted by the county
............ pen~r-equirements;:J!tJease--note whetLGca1 S locally significant \wtllUlds or Goat 6 _
water quality resources are designated by the city, other wetlands may be coded to distinguish
them from these Goal 5 or 6 wetlands, but must not be removed from the approved L WI maps.
These wetlands are still subject to state and federal permit requirements.
While considerable effort has been made to identify accurately most wetlands within the study
area, DSL's approval does not guarantee that all regulated wetlands have been mapped. The
mapped wetland boundaries are estimated boundaries, they have not been surveyed, and there are
inherent limitations in mapping accuracy. DSL advises persons proposing land alteration on
parcels containing mapped wetlands or probable wetlands first to contact DSL or to obtain a
wetland boundary delineation by a qualified consultant and submit it to DSL for approval prior
to the land alteration.
It will be important to annotate your map (and associated database, if any) as new wetland
delineations are completed and approved by DSL in order to keep your L WI updated. We will
forward copies of the delineations to the county planning department and recommend the DSL
file number be noted on the affected tax lots. Future wetland delineation approvals will be
. provided to the planning department.
We are pleased that Deschutes County has conducted a thorough wetlands inventory and has
made wetland planning a high priority. We look forward to working with you and your staff as
you continue on the Goal 6 wetland planning effort. Please feel free to contact Jevra Brown at
(503)986-5297 with any questions you may have about the LWI or its use.
Bill Ryan
Assistant Directo
Wetlands and Waterways Conservation Division
ec: Merle Irvine, Chair, Deschutes County Planning Commission
Peter Gutowsky, Principal Planner, Deschutes County CDD
Karen Swirsky, Central Oregon Regional Representative, DLCD
Sarah Hartung, ESA Adolfson
Ryan Houston, Executive Director, Upper Deschutes Watershed Council
Patty Snow, Land and Water Use Coordinator Wildlife Division, ODFW
Nancy Doran, Assistant Hydropower Coordinator, ODFW
Eric Nigg, Eastern Region Water Quality Manager, ODEQ
Yvonne Vallette, EPA
Tina Teed & Brian Wilson:, Corps of Engineers
Shauna Ginger, Ecosystem Services Biologist, USFWS, Portland Field Office
Bill Kirchner, NWI Coordinator Region 1, Ecological Services, Portland
Bethany Harrington, DSL
SOUTH DESCHUTES COUNTY LOCAL WETLAND
INVENTORY REPORT
Prepared f or June 2 011
Deschutes C ounty
Funded b y:
Oregon W atershed E nhancement B oard
Deschutes R iver M itigation a nd E nhancement P rogram
Paul Adamus
Harper Houf Peterson Righellis Inc.
South Deschutes County Local Wetland Inventory Report
ESA Adolfson Page i
June 2011
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 O VERVIEW OF THE INVENTORY PROCESS ............................................................................... 1
1.2 P UBLIC INVOLVEMENT ........................................................................................................... 2
2.0 STUDY AREA AND LANDSCAPE SETTING ............................................................. 3
3.0 METHODS ........................................................................................................................ 4
3.1 P RELIMINARY MAPPING AND RESEARCH ................................................................................ 4
3.2 R EQUIRED INFORMATION SOURCES ........................................................................................ 4
3.3 W ETLAND DETERMINATIONS ................................................................................................. 5
3.3.1 On-site Determinations ........................................................................................... 5
3.3.2 Off-site Determinations ........................................................................................... 5
3.4 F IELD MAPPING AND DATA COLLECTION ............................................................................... 6
3.4.1 Wetlands .................................................................................................................. 6
3.4.2 Probable Wetlands .................................................................................................. 8
3.4.3 Wetland/Upland Mosaics ........................................................................................ 8
3.4.4 Sample Plots ............................................................................................................ 9
3.4.5 Guidance on How to Find Sample Plot Data and Other Information ..................... 9
3.5 O VERVIEW OF OREGON RAPID WETLAND ASSESSMENT PROTOCOL ...................................... 9
3.5.1 ORWAP Methods ................................................................................................... 11
4.0 RESULTS ......................................................................................................................... 12
4.1 W ETLANDS ........................................................................................................................... 12
4.2 D EEPWATER HABITAT .......................................................................................................... 13
4.3 A RTIFICIALLY CREATED WETLANDS .................................................................................... 13
4.4 S UMMARY OF PROBABLE WETLANDS (PW S) ....................................................................... 13
4.5 ORWAPR ESULTS ................................................................................................................ 13
4.6 G OAL 6 W ATER QUALITY RESOURCES ................................................................................. 16
5.0 LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................................... 17
6.0 LITERATURE CITATIONS ......................................................................................... 18
ATTACHMENT 1 - SOUTH DESCHUTES COUNTY LOCAL WETLAND INVENTORY
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A: Figures ...................................................................................................... A-1
Figure 1 Vicinity Map
Figures 2.1 to 2.7 National Wetland Inventory Maps
Figures 3.1 to 3.7 Soils Maps
Appendix B: Staff Qualifications ....................................................................................B-1
Appendix C: Wetland Determination Forms ..................................................................C-1
Appendix D: Wetland Summary Sheets ........................................................................ D-1
Appendix E: Cowardin Glossary of Terms .................................................................... E-1
Appendix F: ORWAP Raw Data ................................................................................... F-1
Appendix G: ORWAP Glossary and Summary Scores, Tables G1 to G4 ..................... G-1
Appendix H. Overview of Groundwater Quality ........................................................... H-1
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Summary of Wetlands in the South Deschutes County LWI ............................ 12
Table 2. Summary Statistics for Function Scores of South Deschutes County Wetlands
(n=114) ............................................................................................................... 14
Table 3. Summary Statistics for Value Scores of South Deschutes County Wetlands
(n=114) ............................................................................................................... 15
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The South Deschutes County Local Wetland Inventory (LWI) has been prepared and
funded through an Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board (OWEB) Technical
Assistance Grant which also leverages funding from the Deschutes River Mitigation and
Enhancement program. ESA Adolfson (ESA) has prepared this report and mapping with
technical assistance by Deschutes County and Oregon Department of State Lands (DSL).
ESA was assisted in the field inventory by Paul Adamus and Harper Houf Peterson
Righellis Inc., (HHPR). As requested by the County, Paul Adamus also provided
technical expertise in the use of the Oregon Rapid Wetland Assessment Protocol
(ORWAP).
Local wetland inventories are used by local governments to identify water resources
during comprehensive plan development to meet statewide planning goals. The South
Deschutes County Local Wetland Inventory (LWI) will allow the County to better
identify potential wetland areas that provide important water quality functions and
identify areas where development will avoid or minimize impacts to those wetlands. The
LWI will also help identify areas where restoration projects may improve water quality
and other wetland functions. Similarly the LWI may assist landowners in planning for
potential project permitting for development of a property. Most impacts to wetlands and
streams are regulated by DSL and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) and usually
require an approved wetland delineation report as well as permits prior to site
development. This inventory did not include wetland delineations or detailed studies
necessary to support permitting of a specific project.
LWI requirements are outlined in the LWI Rule (Oregon Administrative Rule [OAR]
141-086-0180 through 141-086-0240).
1.1 Overview of the Inventory Process
The LWI process involves survey, identification and mapping of all wetland areas larger
than 0.5 acre that occur within a defined study area. For the South Deschutes County
LWI, the study area covers 18,937 acres from Sunriver to south of LaPine (Figure 1,
Appendix A). This is the largest LWI that has been completed in Oregon to date. A local
wetland inventory is also a refinement of the National Wetland Inventory (NWI), which
was a national effort undertaken by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in the 1980s. The
NWI shows the likely location of wetlands across the nation; however, these maps are not
as accurate as LWIs because they were derived from high altitude images of the
landscape and are based on imagery from the 1980s.
Deschutes County (County), citizens, wetland scientists from ESA, and the Oregon
Department of State Lands (DSL) have all played a role in the inventory process for
South Deschutes County. The County began the effort by scheduling a public meeting to
inform citizens of the LWI and by obtaining permission from landowners to allow
wetland scientists to access private property. ESA compiled existing data on wetlands
including NWI maps, aerial photos and soils maps, and then conducted field observations
to confirm the information sources. Where needed and where property access was
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permitted, ESA collected data on the vegetation, soils, and hydrology of a parcel to
determine if the area is or is not a wetland. ESA also assessed the functions and values of
the wetlands using the ORWAP. DSL reviewed the draft LWI to ensure it was conducted
according to state standards and to provide quality control/quality assurance.
The final LWI consists of a set of maps that show the approximate location of wetlands
and streams, and descriptive information about the wetlands and the main functions they
provide. Functions that are evaluated include wildlife habitat quality, contribution to fish
habitat or water quality improvement, and floodwater retention capability. Every attempt
was made to map wetlands correctly on parcels and to map wetland boundaries to an
accuracy of at least 5 meters (m) or 16.4 feet. There may be areas where the boundary is
less accurate, especially on large tracts with few geographic reference points, and areas
where property access was denied.
Ultimately, the LWI will replace the National Wetland Inventory (NWI) map for South
Deschutes County and improve the accuracy in the identification of jurisdictional wetland
characteristics in the upper Deschutes Basin. Upon approval of this report and mapping,
Deschutes County will formally adopt the LWI into its Comprehensive Plan and Goal 6
Inventory.
Staff members who participated in the South Deschutes County LWI include the
following wetland scientists from ESA: John Gordon, Sarah Hartung, Alison Sigler,
Aaron Booy, Rosemary Baker, and Adam Merrill. In addition, the project team included
local wetland scientists Paul Adamus and Alessandra Capretti from HHPR. Project
principals from ESA include Tom McGuire, Cathie Conolly, and Teresa Vanderburg. All
field staff received training from Paul Adamus in the ORWAP methods prior to field
investigations. Refer to Appendix B for a complete list of staff qualifications and
experience.
1.2 Public Involvement
The County organized the public involvement efforts for this project. Letters describing
the project and seeking property access permission were sent to all property owners
whose tax lots intercepted hydric soil layers and/or NWI-mapped wetlands and streams,
or whose tax lots showed soil saturation (darker areas) indicative of wetlands in the aerial
photographs. Access permission was granted to 1,286 of 4,652 properties within the
study area, for a permission rate of 28 percent.
A public open house was held at Sunriver on March 16, 2010, at the Three Rivers
Elementary School, 56900 Enterprise Drive. Approximately 100 members of the public
attended the meeting.
The County conducted a second public meeting on November 16, 2010, to present the
draft LWI results. The County will also schedule and facilitate a public meeting to
present the final LWI results in 2011. Dates, times, and locations for these future
meetings will be determined by the County.
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2.0 STUDY AREA AND LANDSCAPE SETTING
The South Deschutes County study area is located in south central Deschutes County in
the Upper Deschutes River sub-watershed (Figure 1, Appendix A). The study area
covers 18,937 acres. This is the largest LWI that has been undertaken in the state. The
Upper Deschutes River sub-watershed is within the U.S. Geological Survey eight-digit
hydrologic unit codes (HUC) 17070301 and 17070302, and includes portions of the
Deschutes River, Little Deschutes River, and Fall River. The Fall River and the Little
Deschutes River flow into the Deschutes River near Three Rivers, Oregon. The
Deschutes River flows north into the Columbia River.
Deschutes County is situated between the Cascades Mountains to the west and the high
desert to the east. Deschutes County’s land use consists mostly of forested land at higher
elevations and agricultural and rural residential land at the lower elevations. The forested
land tends to be fragmented and is dominated by lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta ) with
some ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa ) (Franklin and Dyrness, 1988). The study area
terrain is mostly flat, characteristic of wide floodplains, and is predominantly publicly-
owned national forest land with scattered privately held farms, ranches, and housing
tracts. Irrigated agriculture is used to produce hay and provide pasture. In recent years,
Deschutes County has been one of the fastest growing counties in Oregon.
Little Lava Lake is the headwaters of the Deschutes River and is located northwest of La
Pine. Most of the water in the Upper Deschutes is diverted for irrigation and two
reservoirs are located upstream from the study area. Wetlands located on these large
river systems tend to be wetland/upland mosaics dominated by only a few wetland plant
species. Common wetland species include water sedge ( Carex aquatilis ), Nebraska
sedge ( Carex nebrascensis ), narrowleaf willow ( Salix exigua ), grey alder ( Alnus incana )
and lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta ).
Weather in and around Deschutes County consists of cold winters with snow and hot, dry
summers, typical of the High Lava Plains physiographic province (Franklin and Dyrness,
1988). The growing season is short and day and night temperature fluctuations can be
great.
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3.0 METHODS
The Local Wetland Inventory process is described in OAR 141-086-0180 through 141-
086-0240. Methods used to inventory wetland resources in the South Deschutes County
study area are in conformity with these state rules. However, due to the extensive area
covered by the South Deschutes LWI, DSL has agreed to the presentation of the
inventory information on maps at a one inch to 660 foot (1” = 660’) scale instead of the
standard 1” = 200’ scale. Also due to the large scale of this LWI, Cowardin habitat
classes greater than 0.5 acre within a wetland were mapped as separate polygons, instead
of those greater than 0.25 acre in size as written in the OARs. This adjustment to the
methods was approved by DSL and the County.
3.1 Preliminary Mapping and Research
Preliminary mapping and research was completed prior to field investigations to
determine which sites within the study area were likely to contain wetlands. The County
compiled preliminary wetland maps based on NWI mapped wetlands (Figures 2.1 to 2.7
in Appendix A). The County also provided wetland delineations obtained from DSL.
ESA reviewed and expanded the preliminary wetland mapping provided by the County
based on existing wetland delineation data and a review of aerial photographs, soil survey
maps (Figures 3.1 to 3.7, Appendix A), and topographic mapping. These preliminary
wetland maps were used to determine which residents to contact for access permission.
ESA identified and recommended tax lots to which access should be requested for
conducting wetland field work. The County sent access requests to the owners of those
tax lots and then provided preliminary maps indicating the lots where access was granted.
3.2 Required Information Sources
The South Deschutes County LWI is based on several sources of information, including
the following GIS data layers and technical documents:
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) layers of:
o Aerial digital imagery (Deschutes County, 2010);
o LWI study area (Deschutes County, 2010);
o Tax lot access permissions (Deschutes County, 2010);
o Tax lots (Deschutes County);
o Potential wetlands (ESA, 2010);
o Wetland assessment units (ESA, 2010);
o La Pine/Wickiup Junction Local Wetland Inventory (DSL,
1996);National Wetlands Inventory (NWI), (U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, 2009);
o Soil Survey of Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon (NRCS, 1992);
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o Streams (Deschutes County, 2007);
o Rivers (Deschutes County, 2006); and
o Public Land Survey System reference grids (Deschutes County,
2005)
DSL existing wetland delineations/determinations (various citations).
USGS quadrangle maps including: La Pine, Finley Butte, Anns Butte, Pistol
Butte, Round Mountain, Masten Butte and Wickiup Dam.
Other information sources used to develop the LWI include local landowner knowledge.
3.3 Wetland Determinations
Wetland determinations were made for all wetlands based on either on-site or off-site
investigations, depending on access permission. Refer to Appendix C for the Wetland
Determination Forms.
3.3.1 On-site Determinations
For parcels with access permission, on-site determinations were made according to the
Corps 1987 Manual (Environmental Laboratory, 1987), Regional Supplement to the
Corps of Engineers Wetland Delineation Manual: Western Mountains, Valleys, and Coast
Region (Corps, 2010) and the Regional Supplement to the Corps of Engineers Wetland
Delineation Manual: Arid West Region (Corps, 2008). During the first week of field
work (May 3 to 7, 2010) field crews utilized the Arid West Supplement when conducting
investigations. However, after speaking with DSL scientists who have worked in the
Deschutes area, ESA was directed to instead use the Western Mountains Supplement.
All data collected after May, including field investigations conducted on June 21 through
25 and August 9 and 10, 2010, were collected using the Western Mountains, Valleys, and
Coast Regional Supplement.
Determinations were made on parcels that were judged to have wetlands or wetland
characteristics based on preliminary mapping and research efforts. Sample plots were
established to document typical vegetation, soil, and hydrology characteristics and to
determine the approximate location of the wetland boundary.
3.3.2 Off-site Determinations
ESA did not enter properties where property owners denied access. For those parcels,
off-site determinations were made by observing site characteristics from adjacent
public rights-of-way (e.g. public streets or sidewalks) or from nearby parcels with access
permission. Where feasible, sample plots were established in road rights-of-way and
labeled “off-site” to characterize wetland conditions for adjacent parcels where site
access was denied by the property owner. Along several waterways (e.g. the Deschutes
River and the Little Deschutes River), we were able to observe a number of inaccessible
wetlands from parcels on the opposite shoreline where ESA was granted access.
Binoculars were used to observe many of these inaccessible wetlands. Field observations
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of hydrology and vegetation were assessed in combination with existing data such as
published soil survey data, NWI maps and/or known DSL delineations, landscape setting,
aerial photography, and staff experience. Positive off-site field observations of wetland
hydrology were assessed by noting evidence of soil saturation (i.e. glistening on the
surface or shallow inundation) in the wetland using the naked eye and/or binoculars.
Some wetlands could not be observed in the field from any vantage point due to lack of
access to adjacent parcels, lack of public roads and/or unsafe road conditions (lack of
shoulders). In these cases, where we lacked “visual access” ESA staff relied upon aerial
imagery and observations of the general landscape to determine wetland boundaries.
Sample plot data were not created for wetlands that could not be observed or accessed.
3.4 Field Mapping and Data Collection
All field data were collected and recorded using hand-held Trimble Yuma, Global
Positioning System/Geographic Information System (GPS/GIS) data recorders. Prior to
field investigations, aerial imagery and shapefiles of the study area were loaded onto the
GPS units for reference in the field. The GPS/GIS units enabled field crews to digitize
wetland boundaries in ArcPad and edit existing wetland boundaries as necessary, based
on observations. Trimble GPS units were also used to map probable wetlands, mark
artificial wetlands, and identify locations of sample plots and streams. Other information
recorded on the GPS/GIS units includes field notes and wetland
delineation/determination data on digital data forms. After the field work, data were
uploaded onto a desktop computer for viewing and final editing.
3.4.1 Wetlands
Wetland boundaries were mapped per OAR 141-086-0210 with an accuracy target of 5 m
(16.4 feet) on sites where property access was obtained. The actual accuracy may be less
for some wetlands that could not be visually confirmed in the field due to lack of access
permission or lack of visual access from nearby roads. Wetlands greater than or equal to
0.5 acre were assigned a unique identification code (1, 2, 3, etc) generally from north to
south within the study area. Wetlands were given unique numeric identifiers, with some
exceptions, according to the following criteria:
The wetland is separate from other wetland areas and lies further than 50 feet
away from another wetland (Example A).
The wetland is located on one side or the other of the Deschutes River (Example
B). The Deschutes River is on average wider than 100 feet and wetlands that
occurred on both sides of the channel were generally labeled as separate
features.
The wetland is a continuous feature that encompasses both sides of one of the
smaller river or stream systems within the study area, including the Fall River,
Little Deschutes River, Paulina Creek, and Long Prairie Slough (Examples C
and D). These rivers and streams are on average less than 50 feet in width and
wetlands that occurred on both sides of one of these channels were generally
labeled as the same wetland.
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Example A: Wetland 98 is greater than 0.5 acre
and not within 50 feet of another wetland.
Example B: Wetlands 20 and 22 are typical
features along the Deschutes River.
Wetlands 96 and 97 (Example C) are typical features of the Little Deschutes River
floodplain that contain relic and current oxbows as well as upland hummocks. The
breaks between these large, continuous features were often roadways or a narrowing of
the feature.
Example C: Wetlands 96 and 97 are large
features along the Little Deschutes River and
are separated by an unnamed road.
Example D: The dividing point between wetlands
76 and 77 is a narrowing east of Aspen Place.
Wetlands that were separated by a roadway and that were deemed hydrologically
connected were assigned a letter after the unique numeric identifier to indicate the
wetlands were considered sections of one wetland unit (Examples E and F).
Unnamed
roadway
Narrowing
between
76 and 77
76
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Example E: Wetland 13 has four sections that
are separated by roadways but hydrologically
connected via culverts.
Example F: 50a and 50b are connected by a
culvert, but no culvert was observed between 49
and 50a-b or 51 and 50a-b. Wetlands 49 and 51 are
more than 50 feet away from 50a-b.
Wetlands that extend beyond the study area boundary were digitized to reflect only the
area within the study limits. In some cases a wetland extends in and out of the study area
resulting in two or more seemingly separate polygons; however, these polygons are
considered one unit since they were on-site portions of a larger off-site wetland.
Previously delineated or determined DSL wetland delineations within the study area were
field verified and edited if the current size was found to be different from the recorded
size.
3.4.2 Probable Wetlands
Areas that appeared to meet wetland criteria but were less than 0.5 acre within the study
area were digitized as a point and recorded as a “probable wetland” (PW), as defined by
OAR 141-086-0200. In some cases, a PW represents a small portion of a larger wetland
that is located outside of the study area.
3.4.3 Wetland/Upland Mosaics
Wetlands with upland inclusions were identified on the maps as “wetland/upland
mosaics.” Wetland/upland mosaics are classified as a “landscape where wetland and
non-wetland components are too closely associated to be easily delineated or mapped
separately.” Also the microtopography consists of, “ridges and hummocks supporting
non-hydrophytic species are often interspersed throughout a wetland matrix having
clearly hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, and wetland hydrology,” (Corps, 2010).
A majority of the wetland/upland mosaics occurred on the floodplains of the Deschutes
River, Little Deschutes River Fall River, Long Prairie Slough, and Paulina Creek. In
most cases, we had minimal field access to these large wetland mosaic features.
However, we observed an interspersion of wetland and upland habitats in each of the
floodplain areas. In other cases a wetland was considered a mosaic due to uneven
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June 2011
excavation and fill within a degraded wetland. Aerial imagery was used in conjunction
with field investigations to aid in determinations of wetland/upland mosaic conditions.
Site-specific causes for designation as a wetland/upland mosaic are provided on the
wetland summary sheets (Appendix D).
3.4.4 Sample Plots
Sample plots (SP) were established for each wetland (except wetlands on file with DSL)
and for areas that appeared to have wetland characteristics. There were several
deviations from this method related to wetland size. When there were many wetlands
within a small area and the wetlands exhibited similar wetland characteristics, one sample
plot was used to represent characteristics in all of the wetlands. Additional sample plots
were established in larger wetlands when necessary to describe variable habitats. Sample
plots located in upland areas were established based on the original assessment units to
confirm that upland conditions were present. Refer to Appendix C for wetland
determination forms. Sample plots were not established for wetlands for which no access
was granted if these wetlands were not visually accessible from rights-of-way.
3.4.5 Guidance on How to Find Sample Plot Data and Other Information
For landowners and other users interested in finding sample plot data for a particular
parcel, use the following steps:
Step 1) Go to the Local Wetland Inventory Index Maps and the appropriate location
based on the sub-area maps (e.g. Map B.2).
Step 2) Pull-up the sub-area map (e.g. B.2) to identify the unique wetland code (in this
example Wetland 5) and corresponding sample plot number(s) (e.g. SP 201).
Step 3) Using the sample plot number (e.g. SP 201), find the corresponding wetland
determination form in Appendix C based on that sampling point (e.g. SP 201).
The sample plot symbol (SP 201) on Map B.2 is located in the right-of-way because
access permission was not granted for the parcel and observations of the wetland were
made from the side of the road.
The property owner or interested user may also obtain additional wetland information by
reviewing the corresponding Wetland Summary Sheet from Appendix D. In this
example, one would look for Wetland Code 5 for the appropriate Wetland Summary
Sheet.
3.5 Overview of Oregon Rapid Wetland Assessment Protocol
The functions and values of each wetland in the study area were assessed using ORWAP.
The ORWAP was developed to rapidly and qualitatively assess the functions and values
of all types of wetlands throughout the state of Oregon. ORWAP is intended to be
completed by wetland professionals and was designed for planning and educational
purposes. The methodology, as outlined in The Manual to the Oregon Rapid Wetland
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Assessment Protocol (version 2.0) (Adamus et al., 2009), consists of a series of questions
with multiple-choice responses. The questions cover a wide variety of features that can
be observed rapidly when visiting a wetland or in some cases, obtained from aerial
imagery or other sources. These particular questions were designed to correlate with the
relative levels of various functions that a wetland can perform and the values associated
with those functions. After a user answers all the questions, ORWAP uses the responses
to automatically compute a score for each function and its value.
“Functions” are actions that wetlands naturally perform, like hold floodwater, purify
stormwater runoff, and provide waterfowl habitat (to name a few). Not all wetlands
perform the same function equally. For example, some wetlands provide
thermoregulation (i.e. temperature control), while others do not. The responses to
ORWAP provide a relative index to quantify how well a wetland performs a given
function. For example, water storage (if that function occurs in a given wetland) may be
valued much more highly if buildings downstream are at risk of river flooding, because
storage of water in wetlands located upstream can lessen the risk of those buildings being
flooded. In contrast, the value of the wetland’s flood storage function might be
considered less if there are no buildings downstream.
Thus, as long as a function is being performed at some minimum level, its function and
value scores are independent of each other. Function scores are mostly driven by
physical and biological features in and around a wetland. In contrast, value scores are
driven in by socioeconomic features located upslope and/or downslope of the wetland, or
in some cases depend on whether social institutions have assigned a special designation
to the particular wetland, its species, or the wetland type.
ORWAP evaluates each wetland for the following functions and values:
1) water storage (WS),
2) sediment retention and stabilization (SR),
3) phosphorous retention (PR),
4) nitrate removal (NR),
5) thermoregulation (T),
6) carbon sequestration (CS),
7) organic matter export (OE),
8) aquatic invertebrate habitat (INV),
9) anadromous (FA) and non-anadromous fish habitat (FR),
10) amphibian and reptile habitat (AM),
11) waterbird habitat including feeding (WBF) and breeding (WBN),
12) songbird, raptor, and mammal habitat (SBM),
13) pollinator habitat (POL),
14) native plant diversity (PD),
15) wetland sensitivity, (Sens)
16) wetland ecological condition, (Cond)
17) wetland stressors, (Stress)
18) public recognition and use (PUv), and
19) provisioning services (PSv).
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ORWAP scores for both functions and values are expressed on a scale of zero to 10.
However the range of scores for each function or value across a group of assessed
wetlands will vary. While ideally or theoretically each function or value score may range
from zero to ten actual real world conditions may rarely combine to result in scores that
cover the entire range.
Because of the diversity of functions and values and the sometimes contradictory factors
that control them, no “overall” or “average” wetland score is given. While ideally or
theoretically each function or value score may range from zero to 10, actual real world
conditions may rarely combine to result in scores that cover the entire theoretical range.
Individual function or value scores may be compared relative to that particular function
or value score across the assessed wetlands. This provides a relative basis to distinguish
among assessed wetlands but the scores should not be interpreted on an absolute scale of
zero to ten, nor as a direct comparison or ranking between functions or values.
It is rare for any given wetland to be considered “perfect” for any single function, let
alone for all or most of the 16 separate functions in the ORWAP methodology. To get an
idea how wetlands in Oregon generally score for functions and values, a user can
compare scores from a particular wetland with those from scores calculated for 221
wetlands of all types throughout Oregon during ORWAP field testing. The state-wide
results are summarized in the excel spreadsheet ORWAP_SuppInfo file, AllSites tab,
availablefrom the DSL web site:
http://www.oregonstatelands.us/DSL/WETLAND/or_wet_prot.shtml . Navigate to the
ORWAP Supplemental Information link to open or download the file.
A common misperception is that only pristine or unaltered wetlands are highly
functioning. Although it is true that pristine wetlands usually provide valuable functions,
other wetlands can also be highly functioning. For example, impounding water by
placing small berms or dikes in an otherwise unaltered but seasonally dry wetland may
enhance water storage functions and habitat for nesting waterfowl, although perhaps at
some cost to other wetland functions such as anadromous fish habitat.
3.5.1 ORWAP Methods
A majority of wetland assessments were completed during the May 2010 field visit. All
wetlands with access permission were assessed on-site. When permission was not
granted, wetlands were assessed off-site with visual access from a public right-of-way or
adjacent parcels in combination with aerial imagery. In cases where no public or view
access existed, wetlands were assessed using current aerial photographs and other
existing data compiled for the LWI as well as the wetland scientists’ experience with
similar conditions.
After field efforts were completed, the data were entered into an ORWAP template
spreadsheet, which contains formulas that simultaneously process and display data from
all 114 wetlands.
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4.0 RESULTS
4.1 Wetlands
ESA identified and recorded 114 wetlands within the study area totaling 3,459 acres.
Summaries of the 114 mapped wetlands and tax lots for each wetland are provided in
Appendix D. Acreages for each wetland are presented in Table 1. Additionally, 62
probable wetlands (PW) and 27 artificial wetlands were identified and mapped for the
study area. Refer to Attachment 1 for the LWI index and individual maps. A glossary of
terms to aid in review of the LWI maps is provided in Appendix E.
Table 1. Summary of Wetlands in the South Deschutes County LWI
Wetland Code Size (acres) Wetland Code Size (acres)
1 3.5 58 0.9
2 1.0 59 2.2
3 12.7 60 3.9
4 2.2 61 2.1
5 8.0 62 3.1
6a-b 0.6 63 10.4
7 0.7 64 2.0
8 1.1 65 0.7
9 6.8 66 1.4
10 9.2 67 0.8
11 3.8 68 0.3
12 2.2 69 39.1
13a-d 0.7 70 0.6
14 9.8 71a-b 0.5
15 4.3 72 0.9
16 2.0 73 46.8
17 2.5 74a-c 94.9
18 10.7 75 0.7
19 2.3 76 72.7
20 3.7 77 23.4
21 7.8 78 0.5
22 4.5 79 142.2
23 1.1 80 91.6
24 3.0 81 17.3
25 5.0 82 10.4
26a-b 2.5 83 93.7
27a-c 12.1 84 7.9
28a-b 1.8 85 32.0
29a-c 5.8 86 95.2
30 1.7 87a-b 41.1
31 0.8 88 1.4
32 1.4 89 85.0
33 3.7 90 65.5
34 4.3 91 2.9
35 2.5 92a-b 48.8
36 2.4 93a-b 340.0
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Wetland Code Size (acres) Wetland Code Size (acres)
37 1.9 94 104.1
38 2.3 95 69.1
39 1.8 96 82.3
40 3.5 97 64.3
41 34.0 98 7.7
42 34.8 99 232.7
43a-e 32.3 100a-b 15.0
44 12.3 101 1.2
45 21.0 102 2.3
46 25.3 103a-b 200.4
47 2.8 104a-b 1.2
48 27.4 105 97.2
49 1.5 106 159.3
50a-c 14.8 107 100.4
51 3.4 108 48.0
52 2.4 109 112.8
53 4.2 110 221.0
54 36.8 111 8.6
55 4.0 112 15.3
56 8.5 113 78.0
57 0.9 114 31.0
TOTAL 3,458.9
4.2 Deepwater Habitat
There is no deepwater habitat within the South Deschutes County study area.
4.3 Artificially Created Wetlands
Twenty-nine (29) artificially created wetlands were found in the study area; three
stormwater treatment ponds, two irrigation channels, two excavated ponds, three golf
course ponds, two fish hatchery ponds, one landscape pond, eleven stock ponds, two
dammed ponds, and three other ponds. Artificially created wetlands may or may not be
state or federally jurisdictional.
4.4 Summary of Probable Wetlands (PWs)
Seventy-one (71) probable wetlands (PWs) were mapped within the study area. Probable
wetlands appeared to have wetland characteristics but were either less than 0.50 acre or
were small and of an undetermined size. PWs may or may not be state or federally
jurisdictional.
4.5 ORWAP Results
ORWAP summary statistics are presented in Table 2 (functions) and Table 3 (values)
below. The median of a list of numbers can be found by arranging all the observations
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June 2011
from lowest value to highest value and selecting the number in the middle position. If
there is an even number of observations, the median is defined as the average of the two
middle values. The 75 th percentile is the score for which 75 percent of the wetlands
scored lower and only 25 percent higher. The 90 th percentile is the score for which 90
percent of the wetlands scored lower and only 10 percent higher. ORWAP raw data
results for wetlands in the study area are located in Appendix F. Summary scores for the
individual site functions and values are shown in Appendix G.
The summary statistics indicate that most wetlands in the Upper Deschutes are currently
capable of performing all functions commonly attributed to wetlands except for
Anadromous Fish Habitat and Waterbird Nesting Habitat (Table 2). Lack of the former
is due simply to lack of access to the project area by anadromous fish, and lack of the
latter is due to scarcity of large wetlands that remain ponded throughout the summer.
Waterbirds do nest in riverine wetlands along the Deschutes River within the study area,
but even this nesting is very limited.
Table 2. Summary Statistics for Function Scores of South Deschutes County
Wetlands (n=114)
Functions Median Min Max 75 TH
percentile
90 TH
percentile
Water Storage & Delay (WS) 2.52 0.00 6.00 3.05 3.70
Sediment Retention & Stabilization
(SR)
4.40 2.58 10.00 5.08 6.47
Phosphorus Retention (PR) 4.47 1.94 10.00 4.88 7.74
Nitrate Removal & Retention (NR) 3.85 2.81 10.00 4.54 5.43
Thermoregulation (T) 3.00 0.00 5.83 3.61 4.42
Carbon Sequestration (CS) 2.24 1.41 3.95 2.39 2.78
Organic Matter Export (OE) 6.61 0.00 8.58 7.12 7.60
Aquatic Invertebrate Habitat (INV) 4.82 2.68 7.07 5.34 5.85
Anadromous Fish Habitat (FA) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Non-anadromous Fish Habitat (FR) 3.25 0.58 7.69 4.26 4.77
Amphibian & Reptile Habitat (AM) 3.72 1.83 6.87 4.10 5.90
Waterbird Feeding Habitat (WBF) 3.93 2.15 5.98 4.33 4.63
Waterbird Nesting Habitat (WBN) 0.00 0.00 5.51 2.09 4.26
Songbird, Raptor, & Mammal Habitat
(SBM)
3.98 2.14 5.79 4.84 5.15
Pollinator Habitat (POL) 5.79 3.19 7.36 6.52 7.05
Native Plant Diversity (PD) 4.49 2.63 5.58 4.89 5.16
Note: Functions with a high median score are shown in bold.
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High scoring functions include: Organic Matter Export, Aquatic Invertebrate Habitat, and
Pollinator Habitat. Some functions show relatively little variation among the project
wetlands (e.g., Carbon Sequestration, Native Plant Diversity), while others vary
considerably (e.g., Nitrate Removal, Organic Matter Export).
Table 3 includes a summary of the values scores for the 114 wetlands evaluated.
Table 3. Summary Statistics for Value Scores of South Deschutes County
Wetlands (n=114)
Values Median Min Max 75 TH
percentile
90 TH
percentile
Water Storage & Delay (WS) 6.46 1.25 7.29 6.46 7.29
Sediment Retention & Stabilization
(SR)
6.09 3.25 8.19 7.44 7.83
Phosphorus Retention (PR) 6.18 3.03 6.99 6.51 6.68
Nitrate Removal & Retention (NR) 5.12 3.37 5.75 5.35 5.56
Thermoregulation (T) 3.33 0.00 3.33 3.33 3.33
Aquatic Invertebrate Habitat (INV) 7.00 3.54 7.69 7.00 7.00
Anadromous Fish Habitat (FA) 3.93 2.15 5.98 4.33 4.60
Non-anadromous Fish Habitat (FR) 3.33 1.75 7.48 6.95 7.14
Amphibian & Reptile Habitat (AM) 4.00 0.67 7.33 4.00 7.33
Waterbird Feeding Habitat (WBF) 6.00 0.67 10.00 6.00 10.00
Waterbird Nesting Habitat (WBN) 4.00 0.50 7.33 4.00 5.50
Songbird, Raptor, & Mammal Habitat
(SBM)
6.00 1.00 6.00 6.00 6.00
Pollinator Habitat (POL) 1.94 0.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
Native Plant Diversity (PD) 6.00 2.91 6.87 6.00 6.23
Public Use & Access (PUv) 1.67 0.00 4.00 2.33 3.33
Provisioning Services (PSv) 0.00 0.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Ecological Condition (Cond) 5.10 2.16 7.41 5.73 6.90
Note: Values with a high median score are shown in bold.
The functions which ORWAP indicates are currently of highest value in the project area
are:
Aquatic Invertebrate Habitat,
Water Storage & Delay, and
Phosphorus Retention.
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The value of some functions varies little among the project wetlands (Nitrate Removal &
Retention) while the value of others shows large spatial variation (Amphibian and Reptile
Habitat, Waterbird Feeding Habitat).
4.6 Goal 6 Water Quality Resources
Several considerations are pertinent to deciding which wetland sites identified in the
South Deschutes County LWI could be candidates for a Goal 6 Water Quality Resource
(WQR) designation:
1. Which function or functions should be the basis for this designation? Should
all functions be weighted equally?
2. To what extent should the current values of these functions be considered?
3. What should be the score threshold(s) that determines whether a particular site
should be nominated as a Goal 6 Water Quality Resource?
ESA recommends that the Nitrate Removal function of wetlands be used as one of the
principal determinants of site nomination for Goal 6 Water Quality Resource protection,
with other functions used as secondary determinants, because nitrate contamination has
been identified as a primary concern in the project area (Hinkle et al., 2007). Refer to the
discussion on groundwater quality in Appendix H for more information. Specifically, we
recommend that Goal 6 Water Quality Resources be those sites that meet any of the
following three criteria:
Criterion 1 . Nitrate Removal (NR) function score is equal to or greater than the
90 th percentile of the scores for this function among all wetlands in the project
area (i.e., 5.43); AND/ OR
Criterion 2 . Nitrate Removal (NR) function score is equal to or greater than the
75 th percentile of the scores for this function among all wetlands in the project
area (i.e., 4.54), AND the NR value score of the site is greater than the 75 th
percentile of the NR value score among all wetlands in the project area (i.e.,
5.35); AND/ OR
Criterion 3 . The wetland’s score for at least 3 other wetland functions are greater
than or equal to the 90 th percentile for those functions in the project area.
Based upon the above criteria, the analysis results in the following wetlands potentially
designated as a WQR wetland in South Deschutes County:
1. Sites that meet Criterion 1 (12 sites): 3, 10, 13a-d, 21, 23, 26a-b, 27a-c, 28a-b,
29a-c, 75, 98, and 103a-b;
2. Sites that meet Criterion 2 (5 sites): 23, 36, 88, 105, and 106;
3. Sites that meet Criterion 3 (18 sites): 42, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 81, 82, 83,
84, 93a-b, 100a-b, 102, 109, 111, and 113. A summary of the high scoring
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functions for the wetlands that meet Criterion 3 is provided in Table G4,
Appendix G.
Application of these three criteria results in potential designation of 35 sites, which is 30
percent of all wetlands in study area.
Limitations of the ORWAP Analysis
Although ORWAP represents a significant technical advance over OFWAM (the method
previously prescribed for use in Local Wetland Inventories in Oregon) and other methods
for assessing wetland ecosystem services, like most rapid assessment tools, it does have
several limitations. These are detailed in the ORWAP Manual (Adamus et al. 2009b),
which may be found on-line at:
http://www.oregonstatelands.us/DSL/WETLAND/or_wet_prot.shtml. The most
significant limitations of ORWAP are:
1. ORWAP is not a mechanistic model of ecosystem processes and thus cannot be
expected to account for many interactions and feedbacks among important
variables. ORWAP uses only the variables that can be observed easily, but
factors that control many functions are unobservable except with sophisticated
equipment and long-term expensive sampling.
2. Like all rapid assessment methods for wetlands, ORWAP has not been
validated against actual measures of the functions it estimates.
3. ORWAP is intended to simply be an estimate of function effectiveness
averaged over an entire wetland assessment unit. For most functions, ORWAP
does not account for wetland size, but size should be taken into account in some
manner when proposing candidate sites (wetland assessment units) for WQR
status. Determining the boundaries of wetland assessment units (not the boundary
between wetland and upland) has a subjective component. Despite guidance in
the ORWAP manual, decisions of whether and where to divide two
hydrologically connected wetlands into multiple units for purposes of applying
ORWAP are sometimes subjective.
5.0 LIMITATIONS
This report documents the investigation, best professional judgment, and conclusions of
the investigators. It is correct and complete to the best of our knowledge and based upon
the conditions observed during field work conducted in the spring and summer of 2010.
Mapping provided should be considered a preliminary inventory map of wetlands and
other waters and used for planning purposes only. A formal wetland delineation
reviewed and approved by DSL is required for state removal-fill permits. Contact the
DSL or Corps with any regulatory questions.
South Deschutes County Local Wetland Inventory Report
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June 2011
6.0 LITERATURE CITATIONS
Adamus, P., J. Morlan, and K. Verble. 2009. Manual for the Oregon Rapid Wetland
Assessment Protocol (ORWAP) . Version 2.0. Oregon Dept. of State Lands,
Salem, OR. http://oregonstatelands.us/DSL/WETLAND/or_wet_prot.shtml
Adamus, P., J. Morlan, and K. Verble. 2009. Oregon Rapid Wetland Assessment
Protocol (ORWAP): calculator spreadsheet, databases, and data forms. Oregon
Dept. of State Lands, Salem, OR.
http://oregonstatelands.us/DSL/WETLAND/or_wet_prot.shtml
Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979 . Classification of Wetlands
and Deepwater Habitats of the United States . FWS/OBS-79/31. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service. ed. J. S. Wakeley, R. W. Lichvar, and C. V. Noble. ERDC/EL
TR-08-28.Environmental Laboratory. 1987. Corps of Engineers Wetlands
Delineation Manual . Technical Report Y-87-1. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
Franklin, J. F. and C. T. Dyrness. 1988. Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington .
Oregon State University Press. Corvallis, Oregon.
Google Earth. 2010. Aerial imagery of the Deschutes County vicinity . Available at:
http://earth.google.com .
Hinkle, S.R., Morgan, D.S., Orzol, L.L., and Polette, D.J. 2007. Ground water redox
zonation near La Pine, Oregon—Relation to River Position within the Aquifer-
Riparian Zone Continuum . U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations
Report 2007–5239.
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) .1992 .Oregon Soil Survey Data for
Upper Deschutes River Area, Oregon., including parts of Deschutes, Jefferson,
and Klamath, Counties Soil, Oregon . Available:
http://www.or.nrcs.usda.gov/pnw_soil/or_data.html .Last updated: February 10, 2010.
Accessed: March 20, 2011.
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). 2004/2006. 2004/2006 Section
303(d) List, Integrated Report . Portland, Oregon. Available at:
http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/assessment/rpt0406/search.asp .Rempel, M., P.
Adamus, and J. Kagan. 2009. Oregon Wetlands Explorer: an internet tool for
ORWAP wetland assessment support and data archiving. Oregon State
University Library and Institute for Natural Resources, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, OR. http://oregonexplorer.info/wetlands/orwap/
Rich, Barbara et. al., in collaboration with Deschutes County Environmental Health
Division, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality and US Geological
Survey. Undated. La Pine National Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
Demonstration Project, 1999 – 2005.
State of Oregon. 2010. Department of State Lands, Division 86, Wetland Conservation
Plan. Local Wetlands Inventory (LWI) Standards and Guidelines OAR 141-086-
0180 through 141-086-0240 . Available:
http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/rules/OARS_100/OAR_141/141_086.html
South Deschutes County Local Wetland Inventory Report
ESA Adolfson Page 19
June 2011
State of Oregon. 1996. Department of State Lands, La Pine/Wickiup Junction Local
Wetland Inventory. Compiled by Martin Sehott, Ph.D. and Jay Lorenz, Ph.D.
US Army Corps of Engineers (Corps). 2008. Regional Supplement to the Corps of
Engineers Wetland Delineation Manual: Arid West Region (Version 2.0).
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps). 2010. Regional Supplement to the Corps of
Engineers Wetland Delineation Manual: Western Mountains, Valleys, and Coast
Region (Version 2.0), ed. J. S. Wakeley, R. W. Lichvar, and C. V. Noble.
ERDC/EL TR-10-3. Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Engineer Research and
Development Center.
U.S. Census. 2000. Search Deschutes County, Oregon Quick Facts.
http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41/41017.html . Last Updated: August 16,
2010. Accessed: September 27, 2010.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2010. National Wetlands Inventory. Available:
http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/ . Last updated: January 22, 2010. Accessed: April
2010.Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center.
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2007. Ground Water Redox Zonation near La Pine,
Oregon: Relation to River Position within the Aquifer-Riparian Zone Continuum,
Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5239,